Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (16): 3655-3672.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.013

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Flavonoid Accumulation Characteristics in the Flesh of Red-Fleshed Grape and Self-Pollinated Progenies

WU PeiJing2(), SU Ling1(), CHEN YingChun1, MENG Dong2, YANG Qing2, ZHANG Man2, ZHOU XiaoMiao2, TAO JianMin3, ZHENG Huan3, LI Bo1, GONG Lei1,3()   

  1. 1 Shandong Academy of Grape, Jinan Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality Control and Deep Processing, Jinan 250100
    2 College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
    3 College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095
  • Received:2026-04-25 Accepted:2026-06-26 Online:2026-08-16 Published:2026-08-17
  • Contact: GONG Lei

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study investigated differences in flavonoid-related gene expression and metabolite profiles in the flesh of red-fleshed grape berries and their self-pollinated progenies, aiming to elucidate the metabolic accumulation characteristics of flavonoid biosynthesis, and provide insights into transcriptional regulation, so as to lay a theoretical foundation for improving flavonoid contents in grape berries and breeding new grape varieties. 【Method】 The red-fleshed grape germplasm Zhongshanhongyu (ZSHY), its self-pollinated progenies Nan 19 (N19) and Nan 30 (N30), and Muscat (MGX) were used as materials. Four pairwise comparison groups (ZSHY_vs_MGX, N30_vs_ZSHY, N19_vs_MGX, and N30_vs_N19) were established for targeting flavonoid metabolomics alongside transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of berry flesh. Enrichment analyses were subsequently conducted to characterize flavonoid metabolites accumulation, identify key structural genes, and dissect the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. 【Result】 Based on targeted flavonoid metabolomics technology, a total of 104 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites were detected, and 62 core metabolites exhibiting significant differences were further identified. Notably, most flavonols and flavanols accumulated to substantially higher levels in ZSHY and N19 than in N30 and MGX. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these differential metabolites were predominantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, particularly responsible for anthocyanin, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis. Transcriptome profiling identified 758 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly overrepresented in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, 30 core DEGs directly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were screened, whose expression patterns were broadly consistent with the metabolite accumulation profiles, showing high transcript abundance in ZSHY and N19, but low expression in N30 and MGX. In addition, 22 transcription factors (TFs) significantly correlated with flavonoid structural genes were identified, mainly belonging to the WRKY, MYB, and ERF families. 【Conclusion】 Significant differences existed in flavonoid metabolism between the red-fleshed grape and its self-pollinated progenies. The elevated flavonoid accumulation in the flesh of ZSHY and N19 was closely associated with the upregulation of the key structural genes in the flavonoid pathway, and the identified TFs might play important regulatory roles in this process.

Key words: red-fleshed grape, fruit flesh, self-progeny, flavonoids, transcriptome, metabolomics

Table 1

The list of primers"

基因Gene 基因ID Gene ID 引物序列Primers sequence (5′-3′)
Actin F: CTTGGCTGATAGGCTGGCGAAG
R: TCCACATCTGCTCAAAGGTGCTTAG
PAL VIT_13s0019g04460 F: ATGAGGTGAAGCGGATGGTG
R: GCCTTTACTCCCTCTCTCGC
CYP73A4 VIT_06s0004g08150 F: AATCCTGGTGAACGCATGGT
R: TTGGCCTCAACCTTGGACTC
4CL2 VIT_11s0052g01090 F: CCAGATCATCTTCCGCTGCA
R: GCCTTGCTTGATCCCCATCT
CHS VIT_14s0068g00920 F: CCAAAATCGAACGCCCACTC
R: TGGAAATCAACCCTGGGACG
CHIL2 VIT_13s0067g02870 F: CAAGGGTTCACAGTACGGGG
R: TCCAAAGCTTCCTCCTCCTCT
CHI VIT_13s0067g03820 F: TGGAGTCCATCATCGGCAAG
R: TTCTCATCCCCAGCCTCCTT
HCT VIT_11s0037g00440 F: GCCTCTCCCATGATCAACCC
R: GCGTTGCGAATCCTCTGAAC
CYP75B2 VIT_17s0000g07210 F: CCTCTACCACTTCCTCACGC
R: GCCCATACGGAGATGCATGA
CYP75A1 VIT_06s0009g02970 F: TTATGGGGCAAGGTGGAAGC
R: TTAACATCTCCGGCACCACC
DFR VIT_18s0001g12800 F: AATGAAATCGTGTGCTGCCG
R: ACTCCAGCAGCTTTCATCGT
LDOX VIT_02s0025g04720 F: ATGGTGACTTCAGTGGCTCC
R: GAACCTGAGGCCCTTCATCC
UFGT VIT_16s0039g02230 F: AATGGGAGGATGGTGGAGGA
R: TAGGACCAACTGCCCTGTCT

Fig. 1

Determination of flavonoid content in flesh of different grape germplasms ***: P<0.001"

Fig. 2

Metabolomics analysis A: Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of Metabolomics; B: Flavonoid component proportions; C: Statistics of the number of DAMs selected through comparison between different groups"

Fig. 3

Venn analysis (A) and KEGG enrichment analysis (B) of core DAMs, Clustering heatmap of core differential flavonoid metabolites"

Table 2

Quality and yield statistics of RNA-Seq libraries"

样品
Sample
原始数据
Raw reads (M)
过滤后数据
Clean reads (M)
过滤后碱基总数
Clean bases (G)
有效碱基百分比
Valid bases (%)
碱基质量值
Q30 (%)
GC含量
GC content (%)
特异比对率
Unique map (%)
MGX-1 44.82 44.71 6.70 99.77 97.94 46.24 86.00
MGX-2 46.83 46.74 7.00 99.80 97.89 45.98 88.42
MGX-3 45.39 45.27 6.78 99.73 97.95 46.56 86.93
N30-1 46.26 46.12 6.90 99.71 97.99 46.26 86.66
N30-2 46.78 46.68 6.99 99.79 97.86 46.32 85.48
N30-3 46.69 46.56 6.97 99.72 97.96 46.35 86.81
ZSHY-1 46.35 46.22 6.92 99.72 98.00 47.08 83.65
ZSHY-2 46.29 46.14 6.91 99.68 98.02 46.56 86.76
ZSHY-3 46.15 46.05 6.90 99.77 98.01 46.80 86.10
N19-1 46.91 46.67 6.97 99.47 97.94 46.17 85.52
N19-2 46.70 46.50 6.95 99.55 97.92 46.33 85.43
N19-3 47.25 47.11 7.05 99.70 97.89 46.30 85.44

Fig. 4

Analysis of RNA-Seq results A: Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of RNA-seq data; B: Statistics of the number of DEGs selected through comparison between different groups; C: Venn analysis across groups; D: The hierarchical clustering analysis heatmap of DEGs, with blue to red representing gene expression levels from low to high; E: Venn analysis of core DEGs"

Fig. 5

The GO enrichment analysis"

Fig. 6

The KEGG enrichment analysis"

Table 3

Flavonoid-related differentially expressed structural genes"

基因名称
Gene name
基因
Gene
基因ID
Gene ID
数量
Count
编号
KO ID
苯丙氨酸解氨酶 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase PAL VIT_13s0019g04460 1 K10775
肉桂酸-4-羟化酶 Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase CYP73A VIT_06s0004g08150 1 K00487
4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶
4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase
4CL2 VIT_11s0052g01090; VIT_16s0039g02040 2 K01904
查尔酮合成酶
Chalcone synthase
CHS VIT_16s0022g01020; VIT_05s0136g00260; VIT_14s0068g00920;
VIT_16s0022g01140; VIT_16s0022g01190; VIT_00s1492g00010;
VIT_16s0022g01000
7 K00660
查尔酮异构酶样蛋白
Chalcone-flavanone isomerase-related
CHIL2 VIT_13s0067g02870 1 K01859
查尔酮异构酶Chalcone isomerase CHI VIT_13s0067g03820 1 K01859
莽草酸O-羟基肉桂酰转移酶
Shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase
HCT VIT_11s0037g00440 1 K13065
黄烷酮3'羟化酶Flavonoid 3'- hydroxylase CYP75B2 VIT_17s0000g07200; VIT_17s0000g07210 2 K05280
类黄酮3', 5'羟基化酶
Flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase
CYP75A1 VIT_06s0009g02970; VIT_06s0009g02840; VIT_06s0009g02860 3 K13083
CYP75A2 VIT_06s0009g02830 1 K13083
CYP75A3 VIT_06s0009g02920; VIT_06s0009g02880; VIT_06s0009g02810 3 K13083
类黄酮 O-甲基转移酶
Flavonoid O-methyltransferase
FAOMT VIT_01s0010g03510; VIT_01s0010g03470; IT_01s0010g03490;
VIT_01s0010g03460
4 K13272
二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
DFR VIT_18s0001g12800 1 K13802
无色花青素双加氧酶
Leucoanthocyanin dioxygenase
LDOX VIT_02s0025g04720 1 K05277
UDP类黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶
UDP flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase
UFGT VIT_16s0039g02230 1 K12930

Fig. 7

Flavonoid biosynthesis pathway map"

Fig. 8

Correlation analysis between transcription factors and the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes (A), Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoters of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes (B) 1: 60K protein binding site; 2: Auxin-responsive element; 3: cis-acting element involved in salicylic acid responsiveness; 4: cis-acting element involved in the abscisic acid responsiveness; 5: cis-acting regulatory element essential for the anaerobic induction; 6: cis-acting regulatory element involved in circadian control; 7: cis-acting regulatory element involved in light responsiveness; 8: cis-regulatory element involved in endosperm expression; 9: Light responsive element; 10: MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility; 11: Part of a conserved DNA module involved in light responsiveness; 12: Part of a light responsive element; 13: Part of a light responsive module; 14: Part of a module for light response; 15: cis-acting element involved in light responsiveness; 16: Element for maximal elicitor-mediated activation (2copies) ; 17: MYBHv1 binding site; 18: cis-acting element involved in defense and stress responsiveness; 19: cis-acting regulatory element involved in auxin responsiveness; 20: Enhancer-like element involved in anoxic specific inducibility; 21: Gibberellin-responsive element; 22: cis-acting element involved in cell cycle regulation; 23: cis-acting element involved in low-temperature responsiveness; 24: cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA-responsiveness;25: cis-acting regulatory element related to meristem expression; 26: Wound-responsive element; 27: cis-acting element involved in gibberellin-responsiveness; 28: Involved in endosperm-specific negative expression; 29: cis-acting element involved in phytochrome down-regulation expression; 30: MYB binding site involved in light responsiveness; 31: Element involved in differentiation of the palisade mesophyll cells; 32: MYB binding site involved in flavonoid biosynthetic genes regulation; 33: cis-acting regulatory element involved in zein metabolism regulation; 34: cis-acting regulatory element involved in seed-specific regulation"

Fig. 9

Relative expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes"

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