Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (16): 3673-3686.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.014

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Black-Tailed and White-Tailed Plumage Traits in B380 Chickens Based on Multi- Omics Analysis

REN MinPeng1(), ZHANG XiFei2, GE HuaLiang1, GENG LiYing1, LI XiangLong1, YU BaoJun1, WANG KunYang1, ZHANG ChuanSheng1()   

  1. 1 College of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology/Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory for the Exploration and Innovation of Characteristic Animal Genetic Resources, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei
    2 Hebei Animal Breeding Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050064
  • Received:2025-12-09 Accepted:2026-03-23 Online:2026-08-16 Published:2026-08-17
  • Contact: ZHANG ChuanSheng

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Abstract:

【Objective】 To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying black-tailed and white-tailed feather coloration in Babcock B380 and to identify key candidate genes and loci associated with tail feather color. It provides a theoretical basis for poultry breeding and molecular breeding of feather color related traits.【Method】 A natural population consisting of 80 Babcock B380 hens with either black-tailed or white-tailed phenotypes was used in this study. The morphology and distribution of melanosomes within tail feather follicles were analyzed using histological sections observed under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptome data were utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify co-expression modules associated with tail feather color and to screen hub genes within key modules. The expression levels of selected DEGs were subsequently validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, based on genotypic data from the natural population, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify genetic loci associated with black-tailed and white-tailed feather coloration in Babcock B380 chickens. The identified loci were further validated at the population level and subjected to integrative analysis. In addition, codon usage bias of PMEL mRNA was analyzed.【Result】 Microscopic observations revealed that melanosomes were predominantly deposited in the feather shaft region of chicken feather follicles, with the melanosome area being significantly greater in black-tailed chickens than in white-tailed chickens. Transcriptome analysis identified 373 DEGs, which were significantly enriched in melanin biosynthesis- related pathways. Key pigmentation-related genes, including PMEL, TYR, TYRP1, and SLC45A2, were highly expressed in black-tailed feather follicles. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 25 co-expression modules, among which the MEmagenta module was closely associated with melanosome biosynthesis. Integrated analyses of network connectivity and protein-protein interaction networks identified ten potential hub regulatory genes: PMEL, PIAS2, NDEL1, MSRA, HDLBP, GCNT4, FMR1NB, TBLX1, ST3GAL5, and RAB11A. qRT-PCR validation showed that the expression patterns of 4 DEGs were consistent with the RNA-seq results. GWAS identified a total of 968 significant SNPs located on chicken chromosomes 1, 5, and 34, which were annotated to 221 genes. Among these, 7 SNPs within the PMEL gene showed significant associations with tail feather color. Notably, the rs316665588 locus was significantly associated with black-tailed and white-tailed feather phenotypes. Codon bias index (CBI) analysis indicated that the mutation at this locus resulted in a transition from the rare codon UGU to the more frequently used codon UGC.【Conclusion】 The melanosome distribution area in feather follicles was significantly larger in B380 black-tailed chickens than in their white-tailed counterparts. Transcriptome analysis identified 4 key DEGs associated with plumage coloration and revealed 10 potential hub regulatory genes. PMEL was identified as a candidate gene underlying the black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes in B380 chickens, and the synonymous T/C mutation at rs316665588 represents a key candidate locus contributing to the formation of black/white tail plumage.

Key words: B380 chicken, genome-wide association study (GWAS), transcriptome analysis, codon usage bias, PMEL

Fig. 1

Babcock B380 black-tailed and white-tailed hens A: White-tailed Hen; B: Black-tailed Hen"

Table 1

10 black-tailed chicken breeds in the NCBI database"

品种 Breed 缩略词 Abbreviation 样本数量 Sample size 登录号 Accession 表型 Phenotype
矮脚鸡 Aijiao chicken AJ 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
怀乡鸡 Huaixiang chicken HX 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
和田鸡 Hetian chicken HT 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
广西黄鸡 Guangxi yellow chicken GXH 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
江汉鸡 Jianghan chicken JH 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed
彭县黄鸡 Pengxian yellow chicken PX 10 PRJNA656352 黑尾Black-tailed
黔东南小香鸡 Qiandongnan xiaoxiang chicken QDN 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
威宁鸡 Weining chicken WN 10 PRJNA947391 黑尾Black-tailed
文昌鸡 Wenchang chicken WC 10 PRJNA800119 黑尾Black-tailed
正阳黄鸡 Zhengyang yellow chicken ZY 10 PRJNA482210 黑尾Black-tailed

Table 2

qRT-PCR Primer Sequence Information"

基因
Gene name		 描述
Description		 F/R 引物序列
Primer sequence (5'-3')		 Tm (℃) 产物大小
Production size (bp)
PMEL 前黑素体蛋白
Premelanosome protein		 F TTGTCTACGTGTGGTGGACG 60 173
R CTGGTCGGTGATGCTGAACT 59
TYR 酪氨酸酶
Tyrosinase		 F CACTCTTAGGTGGCTCCAATGTG 60 168
R CAGTCCCAGTAGGGGATGGTGAA 60
TYRP1 酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1
Tyrosinase related protein 1		 F CAGAAGCTCAGTTCCCTCG 59 198
R TGGTTGAAGAAGCGTATGG 60
NPY 神经肽Y
Neuropeptide Y		 F GAGGCACTACATCAACCTCATCAC 59 142
R TGTTTTCTGTGCTTTCCCTCAA 58
β-actin β-肌动蛋白
Beta-actin		 F TCACCAACTGGGATGATATGGA 60 181
R TTGGCTTTGGGGTTCAGG 59

Fig. 2

H.E staining of tissue sections from B380 black-tailed and white-tailed follicles"

Fig. 3

Electron microscopy of melanosome cells in B380 black-tailed and white-tailed follicles Nucleus (N), basement membrane (BM), mitochondria (M), melanosomes (Ms)"

Table 3

Melanosome area measurement results"

项目 Item 白尾 White-tailed 黑尾 Black-tailed
黑素小体H.E染色面积 H.E-stained area of melanosomes (μm2) 1686.52±111.02** 7384.13±319.67**
黑素小体电镜图像面积 Melanosome area in transmission electron microscopy images (μm2) 0.20±0.012** 1.03±0.032**
褐黑素数量占比 Proportion of pheomelanin-containing melanosomes (%) 57.14±0.67 59.25±1.17
真黑素数量占比 Proportion of eumelanin-containing melanosomes (%) 42.85±0.67 40.75±1.17

Fig. 4

Identification of differentially expressed genes and qRT-PCR validation A: Volcano Plot of DEGs; B: qRT-PCR Validation Results; C: Protein-protein interaction network of differentially expressed genes Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was assessed using Welch’s t-test. *** indicates P < 0.001, and **** indicates P < 0.0001"

Fig. 5

WGCNA and protein-protein interaction network analysis A: Cluster dendrogram; B: Module-trait relationship; C: MEmagenta KEGG enrichment plot; D: Correlation between gene significance (GS) and module membership (MM) in the MEmagenta module; E: Hub genes in MEmagenta module plot; F: Protein-protein interaction network analysis plot"

Fig.6

GWAS of black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes A: Manhattan plot of GWAS for B380 black-tailed and white-tailed phenotypes; B: QQ plot; C: LD plot; D: PMEL SNP Manhattan plot"

Table 4

Genotypic distribution of the PMEL rs316665588 locus"

CC TC 合计 Total
黑尾 Black-tailed 79 1 80
白尾 White-tailed 0 80 80
合计 Total 79 81 160
Fisher检验 Fisher’s exact test 1.76E-45**

Fig. 7

PMEL genotype heatmap"

Table 5

Codon usage analysis of PMEL mRNA sequence"

氨基酸
Amino acid		 密码子
Codon 		个数
Number 		同义密码子相对使用度
Relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU
Cys UGU 1 0.13
Cys UGC 14 1.87
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