Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (2): 390-402.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.02.013

• FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Fissure Development of Three Japonica Rice Grain during Water Desorption

SHAO XiaoLong(),XU Wen,WANG Xiao,YANG XiaoJing,SHEN Fei,LIU Qin   

  1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/The Jiangsu Province Center of Cooperative Innovation for Modern Grain Circulation and Security, Nanjing 210023
  • Received:2021-05-28 Accepted:2021-08-10 Online:2022-01-16 Published:2022-01-26

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Abstract:

【Objective】 Based on the explanation of food moisture adsorption/desorption, were used to detect fissures and moisture in japonica rice. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of grain kernel fissures and to summarize the development law for the fissures in grain kernels. 【Method】Three japonica rice, Ruanyu, Huaidao 5 and Nanjing 5055 were investigated. The japonica rice kernels with fissures and the degree of fissures were detected by X-ray imaging technology. The microstructure of fissures in Nanjing 5055 was observed by scanning electron microscope. Water characteristics in three japonica rice grains were measured by LF-NMR technology. The relationship between kernel fissure and water characteristics was analyzed. 【Result】 A model based on the low-field nuclear magnetic data accurately predicted the moisture content of three japonica rice. The number of fissures increased with increasing the degree of water desorption of the grains. The percentage of fissure kernel for the rice varieties Ruanyu, Huaidao 5, and Nanjing 5055 increased significantly when the moisture content was lower than 14.96%, 15.21%, and 17.84%, respectively. The percentage of fissure kernel decreased with moisture content in paddy rice kernels. The microstructure of starch and cell on the internal fracture surface of cracked kernels were very different from that of the control sample. The water desorption led to the production of starch granules and cell fracture surfaces, and this fracture surface was the initial fissure. When the number of fissures continued to increase, the initial fissures developed into observable fissures. These fissures were developed from slight level to moderate and even severe level. The water desorption led to the shortening of the transverse relaxation time T21 and T22 of the grain kernel. The content of “bounded water” decreased, whereas the content of “free water” initially decreased and then increased. There was a migration and transformation of water molecules between the bounded and free water. Therefore, in addition to the decrease of moisture content, the molecular mobility of each water component decreased, and the decrease of “bound water” content was also an important feature of water change in the process of water desorption of paddy rice. Correlation analysis between fissures and moisture showed that fissures changes were related to changes in the transverse relaxation time of each water component and “bound water” content, but not related to the “free water” content. 【Conclusion】This study proposed a method to classify grain kernel into four types based on the number and types of cracks. The change of crack type in the process of water decomposition was closely related to water distribution. The migration and transformation of grain moisture, especially the decrease of bound water, were the important factors affecting the changes of grain fissures.

Key words: Japonica rice, moisture desorption, fissure, X-ray imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope

Fig. 1

Four types of fissure in paddy rice kernels by X-ray images A: Intact kernel; B: Slightly fissure kernel; C: Moderately fissure kernel; D: Severe fissure kernel"

Fig. 2

Changes of fissure in paddy rice kernels during moisture desorption"

Fig. 3

Microstructure of fissure in Nanjing 5055 during moisture desorption at the cell level A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H represented microstructure of fissure in Nanjing 5055 at the cell level and their moisture content was 25.59%, 22.39%, 20.09%, 17.84%, 15.18%, 12.01%, 10.28%, and 8.06%, respectively"

Fig. 4

Microstructure of fissure in Nanjing 5055 during moisture desorption at the starch granule level A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H represented microstructure of fissure in Nanjing 5055 at the starch granule level and their moisture content was 25.59%, 22.39%, 20.09%, 17.84%, 15.18%, 12.01%, 10.28%, and 8.06%, respectively"

Fig. 5

Weighed initial transverse relaxation strength for paddy rice kernels as a function of moisture content A: Ruanyu; B: Huaidao 5; C: Nanjing 5055"

Fig. 6

The inversion spectrum of normalization LF-NMR signal intensity for one gram of paddy rice kernels during moisture desorption and transverse relaxation time T2 A: Ruanyu; B: Huaidao 5; C: Nanjing 5055. MC: Moisture content"

Table 1

Transverse relaxation time T2 for paddy rice kernels during moisture desorption"

水分含量
Moisture content (%)		 ‘软玉’Ruanyu ‘淮稻5号’Huaidao 5 ‘南粳5055’Nanjing 5055
T21 (ms) T22 (ms) T21 (ms) T22 (ms) T21 (ms) T22 (ms)
25 2.42±0.13a 138.49±0.00a 2.31±0.12a 135.45±6.78a 2.36±0.00a 132.41±8.32a
22 1.71±0.09b 123.29±0.00b 1.67±0.00b 123.29±0.00bc 1.83±0.09b 126.33±6.79ab
20 1.67±0.00b 123.29±0.00b 1.49±0.00c 132.41±8.33ab 1.52±0.08c 117.87±7.41bc
18 1.32±0.00c 117.87±7.41bc 1.42±0.09c 123.29±0.00bc 1.32±0.00d 117.87±7.41bc
15 1.07±0.06d 112.46±6.05cd 1.05±0.00d 117.87±7.41cd 1.10±0.07e 115.16±7.41c
12 0.91±0.46e 107.34±5.39de 0.93±0.00e 112.46±6.05cde 0.93±0.00f 107.34±5.38cd
10 0.76±0.04f 100.38±9.61ef 0.74±0.00f 110.05±9.05de 0.76±0.04g 102.79±10.26d
8 0.74±0.00f 96.68±10.12f 0.66±0.00g 103.08±13.87e 0.74±0.00g 97.97±8.06d

Table 2

The correlation between fissure data and transverse relaxation parameters of paddy rice kernels"

品种
Variety		 水分
含量
MC		 横向弛
豫时间
T21		 横向弛
豫时间
T22		 峰面积
A21		 峰面积
A22		 峰比例
P21		 峰比例
P22		 裂纹率
The percentage
of fissured kernel		 轻度
裂纹率 SL-PFK		 中度
裂纹率 MO-PFK		 重度
裂纹率 SE-PFK
品种 Variety 1
水分含量
MC		 0.012 1
横向弛豫
时间 T21		 -0.003 0.967** 1
横向弛豫
时间 T22		 0.004 0.830** 0.802** 1
峰面积 A21 -0.025 0.997** 0.964** 0.824** 1
峰面积 A22 0.057 -0.139 -0.050 -0.335** -0.123 1
峰比例 P21 -0.021 -0.913** -0.959** -0.726** -0.903** -0.025 1
峰比例 P22 0.020 0.913** 0.959** 0.726** 0.903** 0.024 -1.000** 1
裂纹率
The percentage
of fissured
kernel (PFK)		 0.068 -0.929** -0.864** -0.743** -0.932** 0.107 0.793** -0.793** 1
轻微裂纹率
SL-PFK		 -0.100 -0.847** -0.789** -0.628** -0.840** -0.025 0.751** -0.750** 0.850** 1
中度裂纹率 MO-PFK 0.043 -0.877** -0.831** -0.719** -0.883** 0.101 0.780** -0.780** 0.946** 0.727** 1
重度裂纹率
SE-PFK		 0.231* -0.766** -0.703** -0.648** -0.777** 0.210* 0.605** -0.604** 0.886** 0.528** 0.854** 1
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