放牧强度对草甸草原植物群落特征及营养品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Plant community characteristics are sensitive indicators to changes in ecosystem function of grasslands. In order to understand the processes and mechanisms characterizing grassland degradation with grazing, the characteristics and quality changes of grassland plants under different grazing intensities were examined to provide theoretical grounds for ecological restoration of degraded grasslands. 【Method】 Based on a grazing experiment with six different grazing intensities that targeted at the Hulunber meadow steppe, changes in community characteristics, community diversity, and community functional groups were measured by the standard rangeland ecological methodology, whilst the nutritional quality of herbage plants was determined by the national procedure for chemically analyzing crude cellulose, crude protein and raw fat components of vegetal feed. The six grazing intensities are control area G0.00: 0, light grazing G0.23: 0.23 cow.AU/hm², lighter grazing G0.34: 0.34 cow.AU/hm², moderate grazing G0.46: 0.46 cow.AU/hm², heavier grazing G0.69: 0.69 cow.AU/hm², and heavy grazing G0.92: 0.92 cow.AU/hm². 【Result】 The canopy height, coverage, total biomass, biomass of the dominant species, root biomass, and litter biomass had decreased significantly at the grazing intensities greater than 0.34 cow.AU/hm² (P<0.05), whereas the phytomass of increasers (Artemisia frigida, Potentilla bifurca, Potentilla acaulis, and Carex duriuscula) increased significantly (P<0.05). With the increase in grazing intensity, the community diversity index showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the maximum community diversity index occurred at the grazing intensities of 0.34-0.46 cow.AU/hm². The dominance value of grasses decreased significantly with increases in grazing intensity. In stark contrast, those for forbs and annuals increased apparently with increasing grazing intensity. The important values of functional groups of grasses and their dominant plants gradually decreased with the increase of grazing intensity. When the grazing intensity was greater than 0.23 cow.AU/hm², the important values of dominant plants significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the important values of sedges and degenera significantly increased (P<0.05). Of special note, the various grazing intensities all enhanced the contents of crude protein, crude ash, total phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen-free exudates to varying degrees of all plant species as a whole, but significantly reduced the contents of crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and crude fiber (P<0.05). The four indexes of α diversity were positively correlated with one another (P<0.01), positively correlated with the important values of legumes and heterophytes, and negatively correlated with the important values of gramineae. The important values of gramineae and ranunculaceae were significantly negatively related to the contents of acid washing fiber and calcium of the plants, whilst they were significantly positively related to the neutral washing fiber. 【Conclusion】 Different grazing intensities differed substantially in their effects on the community traits, diversity characters and nutritional quality of this meadow steppe. The appropriate grazing intensity was between 0.23-0.34 cow.AU/hm². Moderate grazing was conducive to improving the species diversity of the community, maintaining the stability of the grassland plant community, and promoting the sustainable development of the grassland ecosystem.

Key words: grazing intensity, meadow steppe, community characteristics, nutritional quality

ZHANG Yu, HOU LuLu, YAN RuiRui, XIN XiaoPing. Effects of Grazing Intensity on Plant Community Characteristics and Nutrient Quality of Herbage in a Meadow Steppe[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(13): 2550-2561.

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Figures/Tables 7

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Table 1

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Table 2

The relationships among plant community characteristics, plant functional groups and plant nutritional quality"

因子 Factor	多样性指数 Shannon-weiner index	优势度指数 Simpson index	均匀度指数 Pielou index	丰富度指数 Margalef index	豆科 Legumi-nosae	禾本科 Poaceae	菊科 Asteraceae	毛茛科 Ranuncul-aceae	莎草科 Cyperaceae	杂草类 Broadleaved herb	粗蛋白 CP (%)	粗脂肪 EE (%)	粗灰分 CA (%)	中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%)	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%)	粗纤维 CF (%)	钙 Ca (%)	全磷 TP (%)	无氮浸出物 NFE (%)
多样性指数 Shannon-weiner index	1.00	0.80**	0.93**	0.84**	0.52*	-0.31	0.04	0.26	0.02	0.60**	0.43	-0.34	0.35	-0.12	0.32	-0.45	0.22	0.22	0.18
优势度指数 Simpson index		1.00	0.61**	0.83**	0.55*	-0.50*	0.06	0.15	0.25	0.51*	0.34	-0.34	0.21	-0.06	0.51*	-0.42	0.13	0.19	0.21
均匀度指数 Pielou index			1.00	0.62**	0.47*	-0.12	-0.06	0.32	-0.13	0.61**	0.34	-0.26	0.27	0.05	0.21	-0.35	0.06	0.11	0.16
丰富度指数 Margalef index				1.00	0.61**	-0.37	0.17	0.30	-0.01	0.55*	0.47*	-0.28	0.45	-0.20	0.33	-0.38	0.25	0.29	0.01
豆科Leguminosae					1.00	-0.16	-0.22	0.35	-0.04	0.60**	0.25	0.04	0.22	0.14	0.41	0.05	0.06	-0.04	-0.33
禾本科Poaceae						1.00	-0.35	0.14	-0.74**	-0.29	-0.06	0.12	0.00	0.48*	-0.56*	0.41	-0.49*	-0.15	-0.38
菊科Asteraceae							1.00	-0.02	-0.19	-0.14	-0.16	-0.35	0.09	-0.32	-0.11	-0.27	0.14	-0.10	0.43
毛茛科Ranunculaceae								1.00	-0.52*	0.21	0.04	-0.39	0.26	0.07	-0.23	0.06	-0.57*	-0.10	-0.14
莎草科Cyperaceae									1.00	0.02	0.06	0.17	-0.18	-0.38	0.54*	-0.22	0.54*	0.24	0.19
杂草类 Broadleaved herb										1.00	0.26	0.14	0.12	0.28	0.51*	-0.19	0.11	0.02	-0.01
粗蛋白CP(%)											1.00	-0.12	0.88**	-0.37	0.06	-0.61**	0.43	0.92**	-0.16
粗脂肪EE(%)												1.00	-0.26	0.32	0.31	0.54*	0.11	-0.06	-0.60**
粗灰分CA(%)													1.00	-0.44	-0.06	-0.56*	0.31	0.81**	-0.19
中性洗涤纤维 NDF(%)														1.00	0.12	0.42	-0.60**	-0.53*	-0.07
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF(%)															1.00	-0.18	0.37	-0.04	0.06
粗纤维CF(%)																1.00	-0.40	-0.57*	-0.65**
钙Ca(%)																	1.00	0.45	0.04
全磷TP(%)																		1.00	-0.15
无氮浸出物NFE(%)																			1.00

Table 2

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指标 Index	G0.00	G0.23	G0.34	G0.46	G0.69	G0.92
物种数Number of species	39.67±1.45a	45.33±4.18a	45.67±0.88a	44.00±1.53a	45.67±2.19a	46.33±0.88a
群落盖度Community coverage	84.65±0.63a	80.25±1.16ab	80.12±1.80ab	78.01±1.34b	78.23±1.49b	68.84±2.87c
群落高度Community height	22.40±2.41a	17.64±0.24b	17.64±0.97b	13.30±0.64c	10.65±0.81cd	7.13±0.09d
群落密度Community density	605.27±1.94b	661.67±70.25b	541.60±44.69b	729.13±77.41b	1,262.73±247.85a	843.07±16.15b
丰富度指数Margalef index	3.61±0.26b	4.13±0.32ab	4.33±0.05a	4.21±0.04ab	3.84±0.23ab	4.08±0.07ab
多样性指数Shannon-Weiner index	2.51±0.09b	2.66±0.10ab	2.84±0.03a	2.85±0.02a	2.60±0.15ab	2.73±0.05ab
优势度指数Simpson index	0.85±0.01b	0.87±0.02ab	0.91±0.01a	0.91±0.01a	0.88±0.01ab	0.88±0.01ab
均匀度指数Pielou index	0.79±0.01a	0.81±0.02a	0.85±0.01a	0.85±0.01a	0.78±0.04a	0.82±0.02a

Effects of Grazing Intensity on Plant Community Characteristics and Nutrient Quality of Herbage in a Meadow Steppe

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