我国农食系统温室气体排放现状及瘤胃甲烷调控路径

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农食系统是全球温室气体排放的重要来源，也是农业绿色低碳转型的关键领域。我国农业源温室气体排放以甲烷和氧化亚氮为主，其中反刍动物肠道发酵、畜禽粪污管理、稻田和农业土壤是主要排放来源。反刍动物甲烷排放既关系农业甲烷减排，也反映饲料能量损失和瘤胃代谢分配，是畜牧业低碳转型的重要切口。本文系统梳理了全球及我国农食系统温室气体排放格局，重点分析了反刍动物甲烷排放监测方法、评价指标、我国奶牛和肉羊甲烷排放特征，以及日粮营养调控和前沿减排技术。现有研究表明，干物质采食量、日粮碳水化合物结构、生产阶段和单位产品产出效率是影响反刍动物甲烷排放强度的关键因素；优化精粗比、提高饲料效率、应用小分子化合物、硝酸盐、脂肪、植物次生代谢物和海藻类添加剂等均具有一定减排潜力，但其应用需综合评价减排效果、生产性能、瘤胃健康、安全性和长期稳定性。当前我国反刍动物甲烷减排仍面临本土实测数据不足、排放因子精细化程度不高、减排技术场景适配性不清和减排量核证体系不完善等问题。未来应加强本土化甲烷排放数据库建设，完善以单位产品排放强度为核心的评价体系，推动低碳日粮、精准营养、瘤胃调控剂和场级温室气体核算协同发展，为我国农食系统减排和畜牧业高质量发展提供科技支撑。

关键词: 农食系统, 温室气体, 肠道甲烷, 反刍动物, 低碳饲料

Abstract:

Agrifood system is an important source of global greenhouse gas emissions and a key sector for green and low-carbon agricultural transformation. Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in China are dominated by methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), with enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation and agricultural soils representing the major emission sources. Among them, methane emissions from ruminants are closely related not only to agricultural methane mitigation but also to feed energy loss and rumen metabolic partitioning, making them an important entry point for low-carbon transformation of animal production. This review summarized the emission patterns of global and Chinese agrifood systems, and put emphasis on monitoring methods, evaluation indicators, and methane emission characteristics of dairy cattle and mutton sheep in China, as well as dietary nutritional regulation and emerging mitigation technologies. Current evidence indicated that dry matter intake, dietary carbohydrate structure, production stage and output efficiency were key determinants of ruminant methane emission intensity. Optimizing the forage-to-concentrate ratio, improving feed efficiency and applying small-molecule compounds, nitrate, lipids, plant secondary metabolites and seaweed-derived additives showed mitigation potential, but their application required integrated assessment of methane reduction, animal performance, rumen health, safety and long-term stability. At present, ruminant methane mitigation in China was still constrained by insufficient local measurement data, limited refinement of emission factors, unclear scenario-specific applicability of mitigation technologies and an underdeveloped verification system for emission reductions. Future efforts should strengthen the development of localized methane emission databases, improve evaluation systems centered on product-based emission intensity, and promote the coordinated development of low-carbon diets, precision nutrition, rumen modulators and farm-level greenhouse gas accounting, thereby supporting agrifood system mitigation and high-quality livestock development in China.

Key words: agrifood system, greenhouse gas, enteric methane, ruminants, low-carbon feed

刁其玉, 刘云龙. 我国农食系统温室气体排放现状及瘤胃甲烷调控路径[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(20): 4603-4616.

DIAO QiYu, LIU YunLong. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from China’s Agrifood System and Methane Mitigation Pathways in Ruminants[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4603-4616.

图/表 6

图1

表1

表2

反刍动物甲烷排放主要监测方法及适用场景"

监测方法 Monitoring method	测定尺度 Scale	主要优势 Major advantages	主要局限 Major limitation	适用场景 Application scene
呼吸代谢室法 Respiration chamber	个体 Individual	精度高，可连续测定 High accuracy and continuous measurement	成本高，通量低 High cost and low throughput	精准测定、机制研究 Reference measurement and mechanistic studies
SF₆示踪法 SF₆ tracer technique	个体 Individual	适用于自然饲养条件 Applicable under production conditions	操作复杂，变异较大 Complex operation and relatively high variability	放牧及生产场景 Grazing and production systems
GreenFeed系统 GreenFeed system	个体 Individual	自动化，可长期监测 Automated and suitable for long- term monitoring	依赖访问频次和时间分布 Dependent on visit frequency and timing	大群体监测、减排评价 Large-scale monitoring and mitigation assessment
CO₂示踪比值法 CO₂ tracer ratio method	个体 Individual	高通量、易于自动化 High throughput and easy automation	依赖CO₂产生量估算 Dependent on estimated CO₂ production	大群体筛查 Large-scale screening
Sniffer方法 Sniffer method	个体 Individual	简便、重复测定方便 Simple and suitable for repeated measurements	多为浓度测定，需校准 Mainly concentration-based and requires calibration	表型筛查、遗传评价 Phenotyping and genetic evaluation
激光及其他短时测定 Laser and other short-term methods	个体 Individual	便携、快速 Portable and rapid	受环境和采样时间影响 Affected by environment and sampling time	快速筛查、辅助测定 Rapid screening and supplementary measurement
微气象及环境监测 Micrometeorological and environmental monitoring	群体或场级 Group or farm	不干扰动物，可覆盖较大范围 Non-invasive and suitable for large areas	受气象条件和源分离影响 Affected by meteorology and source separation	牛群、牧场及场级核算 Herd, pasture and farm-scale accounting

表2

表3

表4

表5

反刍动物甲烷排放日粮营养调控措施及应用评价"

技术类型 Strategy	代表措施 Representative measure	主要机制 Main mechanism	应用评价 Application consideration
基础效率型 Efficiency-based strategies	优化日粮结构、提高粗饲料质量和饲料效率 Diet optimization, improved forage quality and feed efficiency	优化发酵底物，提高单位采食产品产出 Optimized fermentation substrates and greater output per unit intake	适用范围广，生产基础性强 Broad applicability and high production relevance
脂肪补充 Lipid supplementation	油脂、油籽、脂肪酸钙 Fats, oilseeds and calcium salts of fatty acids	减少可发酵底物，影响H₂利用和微生物活性 Reduced fermentable substrates and altered H₂ use and microbial activity	适度减排，过量可能抑制纤维消化 Moderate mitigation; excess may impair fiber digestion
替代氢受体 Alternative hydrogen sinks	硝酸盐等 Nitrate and related compounds	与产甲烷途径竞争H₂ Competition for H₂ with methanogenesis	机制明确，需控制亚硝酸盐风险 Mechanistically clear; nitrite risk requires control
靶向抑制剂 Targeted inhibitors	3-NOP	靶向 MCR，抑制甲烷生成 Targeting MCR to inhibit methanogenesis	减排效果较稳定，需考虑成本和核证 Relatively consistent efficacy; cost and verification remain important
植物次生代谢物 Plant secondary metabolites	单宁、皂苷、精油、多酚 Tannins, saponins, essential oils and polyphenols	调节产甲烷菌、原虫和发酵模式 Modulation of methanogens, protozoa and fermentation patterns	效果受来源、剂量和日粮背景影响 Effects depend on source, dose and dietary context
海藻类添加剂 Seaweed-derived additives	Asparagopsis spp.	卤代活性物质抑制甲烷生成 Halogenated compounds inhibit methanogenesis	减排潜力高，需关注安全性和供应 High mitigation potential; safety and supply require attention
微生态调控 Microbiome modulation	益生菌、直接饲喂微生物 Probiotics and direct-fed microbials	改善瘤胃稳态和饲料利用 Improved rumen homeostasis and feed utilization	效果相对间接，更适合评价排放强度 Generally indirect effects; better assessed by emission intensity

表5

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排放源 Emission source	主要温室气体 Major GHG	主要减排路径 Mitigation approach	核算方法 Accounting method	主要制约 Key limitation
肠道发酵 Enteric fermentation	CH₄	精准营养、日粮优化、甲烷抑制 Precision nutrition, diet optimization, methane inhibition	Tier 2	本土排放因子不足 Limited local emission factor
粪污管理 Manure management	CH₄、N₂O	固液分离、厌氧发酵、堆肥 Solid-liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, composting	Tier 2	处理模式差异较大 Variable management system
稻田 Rice cultivation	CH₄	水分管理、秸秆还田优化 Water management, optimized straw incorporation	CH₄MOD、经验模型 CH₄MOD and empirical models	区域差异明显 Strong regional variation
农业土壤 Agricultural soils	N₂O	减氮增效、精准施肥、硝化抑制 Optimized N input, precision fertilization, nitrification inhibition	IAP-N	氮源与时空变异复杂 Complex N sources and spatiotemporal variation
秸秆田间焚烧 Field burning of crop residues	CH₄、N₂O	禁烧、资源化利用 Burning prohibition and resource utilization	活动数据×排放因子Activity data × emission factor	活动数据精度有限 Limited activity-data accuracy

指标类别 Metric category	代表指标 Representative metric	主要意义 Primary significance	适用场景 Application scene
排放总量 Absolute emissions	CH₄, g/d or L/d	单头绝对排放水平 Absolute animal-level emissions	畜种及处理比较 Animal and treatment comparisons
采食量校正 Intake-adjusted	CH₄/DMI、CH₄/OMI、CH₄/NDFI	单位采食甲烷产率 Methane yield per unit intake	日粮及添加剂评价 Diet and feed-additive evaluation
体重校正 Body weight-adjusted	CH₄/BW^0.75	校正体型差异 Adjusts for body-size differences	阶段、品种及畜种比较 Stage, breed and species comparisons
产品校正 Product-adjusted	CH₄/ECM、CH₄/ADG	单位产品排放强度 Product-based emission intensity	低碳奶、低碳肉评价 Low-carbon milk and meat assessment
能量损失 Energy loss	CH₄E、CH₄E/GEI	饲料能量损失 Feed-energy loss	能量利用评价 Energy-use evaluation
综合温室气体 Integrated GHG	CO₂-eq、产品碳足迹 CO₂-eq, product carbon footprint	综合温室气体评价 Integrated GHG assessment	场级核算、产品碳足迹及减排核证 Farm accounting, product carbon footprint and mitigation verification

研究对象与条件 Animal and condition	测定方法 Measurement method	CH₄实测值 Measured CH₄ emission	主要特征 Key feature
杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交羯羊 Dorper × Small Tail Han crossbred wethers	开路式呼吸测热 Open-circuit respiration calorimetry	35.98—43.43 L·d^-1	排放随日粮碳水化合物结构变化 Emissions varied with dietary carbohydrate structure
放牧杂交绵羊，6月龄 Grazing crossbred sheep, 6 months old	呼吸气体测定 Respiratory gas measurement	12.53—15.38 g·d^-1 8.33—15.34 g·kg^-1 DMI	补充放牧体系实测范围 Provides measurements under grazing conditions
育肥湖羊，不同日粮条件 Fattening Hu sheep, different diets	自动头箱 Automated head chamber	31.99—34.35 g·d^-1 18.91—19.60 g·kg^-1 DMI	补充育肥阶段生产条件实测数据 Provides measurements in fattening sheep
荷斯坦后备牛，9、12、15月龄 Holstein heifers, 9, 12 and 15 months old	SF₆示踪法 SF₆ tracer technique	105.2、137.4、209.4 g·d^-1	排放随月龄和体重总体升高 Emissions generally increased with age and body weight
荷斯坦干奶牛，48 头 Dry Holstein cows, n=48	GreenFeed	336 g·d^-1	排放与体重和胎次相关 Associated with body weight and parity
泌乳荷斯坦牛，商业牧场，111头 Lactating Holstein cows, commercial farm, n=111	GreenFeed	332 g·d^-1 14.4 g·kg^-1 DMI 9.18 g·kg^-1 ECM	大群体生产条件实测 Large-herd measurements under commercial conditions
泌乳中后期荷斯坦牛，30头 Mid- to late-lactation Holstein cows, n=30	GreenFeed	401.60—426.01 g·d^-1 11.31—12.19 g·kg^-1 ECM	补充近期泌乳牛实测范围 Provides recent measurements in lactating cows