等氮量条件下有机肥替代化肥对玉米农田温室气体排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确大田等氮量条件下,有机肥替代化肥对玉米农田土壤温室气体（N₂O和CO₂）排放及其增温潜势的影响,为稳定作物产量、减少化肥投入、减少氮肥流失、提高氮肥利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】2018和2019年大田采用静态箱-气相色谱法,以不施肥（CK）为对照,比较等氮量条件下常规单施化肥（NPK）、有机肥替代30%（化学肥料180 kg N·hm^-2+有机肥90 kg N·hm^-2,NPKM30）、有机肥替代50%（化学肥料135 kg N·hm^-2+有机肥135 kg N·hm^-2,NPKM50）对夏玉米生育期土壤N₂O和CO₂排放的影响,并估算玉米季农田温室气体排放量、全球增温潜势（global warming potential,GWP）和农业碳足迹（carbon footprint）。【结果】等氮量条件下NPK、NPKM30和NPKM50处理间的玉米籽粒产量没有显著差异。玉米整个生育期土壤N₂O排放通量呈动态变化,且3个施肥处理的N₂O排放通量均高于对照。与NPK相比,NPKM30处理两年N₂O累积排放量均值增加5.22%,而NPKM50处理降低7.92%。玉米生育期N₂O累积排放量占土壤全氮的12.91?—18.74?。3个施肥处理间CO₂排放通量的季节变化趋势基本一致,变幅为74.53—367.04 mg·m^-2·h^-1。施肥显著增加CO₂累积排放量,与NPK相比,NPKM30和NPKM50处理两年CO₂累积排放量均值分别增加0.91%和5.79%;GWP分别增加2.07%和2.10%。与NPK处理相比,NPKM30处理的温室气体排放强度（GHGI）和单位产量碳足迹降低2.46%和1.43%,而NPKM50处理增加3.37%和1.43%。【结论】部分有机肥替代化肥能够增加玉米田土壤温室气体排放量和全球增温潜势,但能够保持玉米产量稳定,同时有效降低温室气体排放强度和单位产量碳足迹,综合考虑玉米产量和生态效益,有机肥替代30%（NPKM30）是实现玉米稳产减肥减排较为理想的有机肥替代化肥比例。

关键词: 有机肥替代化肥, 温室气体, 全球增温潜势, 温室气体排放强度, 碳足迹

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on soil greenhouse gas emission and global warming potential (GWP), so as to provide the theoretical basis for keeping crop yield stable, reducing fertilizer input and nitrogen (N) loss, and improving N use efficiency.【Method】In 2018 and 2019, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers rate on soil N₂O flux, CO₂flux and GWP and carbon footprint by using static chamber and gas chromatography in maize yield. Four treatments, including control (CK), single application of inorganic fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer replacing 30% inorganic fertilizers (inorganic fertilizers 180 kg N·hm^-2+ organic fertilizer 90 kg N·hm^-2, NPKM30), and organic fertilizer replacing 50% inorganic fertilizers (inorganic fertilizers 135 kg N·hm^-2+organic fertilizer 135 kg N·hm^-2, NPKM50), were established during maize growth periods.【Result】There was no significant difference of maize grain yield among NPK, NPKM30 and NPKM50 in 2018 and 2019. During the maize growth periods, the N₂O emission flux showed temporal variations, and the average fluxes under three fertilizer treatments were higher than that under CK. Compared with NPK, NPKM30 increased the N₂O cumulative emission by 5.22%, while reduced by 7.92% for NPKM50 treatment. The N₂O cumulative emission over the maize growth periods accounted for 12.91? -18.74? of soil total N. During the maize growth periods, soil CO₂ flux showed similar temporal patterns among the four treatments, and the average flux for the two years ranged from 74.53 to 367.04 mg·m^-2·h^-1. Fertilization input significantly increased the cumulative CO₂ emission, and the average CO₂ accumulation under NPKM30 and NPKM50 treatments increased by 0.91% and 5.79% than that under NPK treatment, respectively. The average GWP under NPKM30 and NPKM50 treatments was 2.07% and 2.10% higher than that under NPK treatment, respectively. Compared with the NPK treatment, the GHGI and carbon emissions from per unit yield under NPKM30 treatment decreased by 2.46% and 1.43%, respectively, and increased by 3.37% and 1.43% under NPKM50 treatment, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Suitable organic fertilizer rate replacing some chemical fertilizer could keep maize yield stable, increase greenhouse gas emission and global warming potential, while reduce greenhouse gas emission intensity and carbon emissions from per unit yield. Considering the ecological benefits of maize production and greenhouse gas emissions, the organic fertilizer replacing 30% inorganic fertilizers would be a more ideal proportion of organic fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer.

Key words: organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, greenhouse gas, global warming potential, greenhouse gas emission intensity, carbon footprint

李晓立,何堂庆,张晨曦,田明慧,吴梅,李潮海,杨青华,张学林. 等氮量条件下有机肥替代化肥对玉米农田温室气体排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(5): 948-961.

LI XiaoLi,HE TangQing,ZHANG ChenXi,TIAN MingHui,WU Mei,LI ChaoHai,YANG QingHua,ZHANG XueLin. Effect of Organic Fertilizer Replacing Chemical Fertilizers on Greenhouse Gas Emission Under the Conditions of Same Nitrogen Fertilizer Input in Maize Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(5): 948-961.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.009

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I5/948

图/表 9

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2018年和2019年不同处理对玉米植株生物量、氮素积累量和土壤养分含量的影响"

参数 Parameter		时期 Period	CK	NPK	NPKM30	NPKM50
生物量 Biomass (g/plant)
地上部 Aboveground	2018	拔节期 Jointing stage	12.76±1.09b	18.99±2.44a	18.64±0.94a	18.52±1.51a
	2018	吐丝期 Silking stage	69.38±16.75b	106.90±4.57a	112.78±3.67a	119.95±1.59a
	2018	成熟期 Maturity stage	226.06±10.71b	403.20±60.39a	385.51±51.45a	405.39±41.86a
	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	9.27±2.11b	17.37±1.39a	16.77±2.14a	17.07±0.38a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	148.28±4.07c	167.71±9.36b	169.70±4.85b	191.72±6.03a
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	236.94±22.11b	387.47±23.05a	415.29±21.05a	393.20±7.71a
根 Root	2018	拔节期 Jointing stage	0.57±0.12c	0.90±0.03ab	0.66±0.12bc	1.00±0.23a
	2018	吐丝期 Silking stage	8.46±0.95b	11.28±1.08a	10.68±0.20a	10.61±1.50a
	2018	成熟期 Maturity stage	5.84±2.00a	6.72±2.14a	7.79±1.70a	8.99±1.37a
	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	0.55±0.12c	0.96±0.03ab	0.80±0.15bc	1.13±0.26a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	9.37±1.13b	10.07±1.19b	10.81±1.12a	12.89±1.50ab
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	5.50±1.84b	9.25±1.88a	11.89±0.70a	12.04±1.00a
氮素积累量 N accumulation (mg N/plant)
籽粒Grain	2018	成熟期 Maturity stage	1062.06±155.77b	1796.03±47.25a	1853.35±65.03a	1891.79±137.66a
籽粒Grain	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	1404.98±281.75b	2527.99±85.31a	2776.74±220.55a	2868.92±625.98a
地上部Aboveground	2018	拔节期 Jointing stage	316.20±36.52b	578.95±49.54a	576.95±38.64a	576.21±35.50a
	2018	吐丝期 Silking stage	730.92±193.87b	1622.22±108.39a	1877.26±133.01a	1737.69±24.44a
	2018	成熟期 Maturity stage	1855.88±381.54b	4545.08±276.53a	4637.18±52.01a	4641.32±432.87a
	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	283.00±72.24b	716.77±36.09a	711.64±68.94a	694.13±10.83a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	1879.96±503.84c	2920.41±142.82b	3305.00±247.48ab	3741.69±67.14a
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	2039.42±328.46b	4836.64±178.49a	4948.44±23.72a	5043.64±374.47a
非根际土壤 Non-rhizosphere soil (mg·kg^-1)
铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	6.75±0.74a	7.26±0.39a	6.80±0.57a	6.99±0.80a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	6.98±0.18d	57.78±2.59a	32.35±5.43b	10.16±3.78c
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	3.34±0.03a	4.05±0.57a	3.24±0.83a	3.27±0.41a
硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	5.89±0.28c	18.45±2.18b	26.11±4.96a	27.82±2.44a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	6.75±1.16d	166.70±8.39a	138.92±6.86b	72.11±5.85c
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	7.81±0.04b	24.82±0.56a	25.98±0.03a	25.35±2.15a
无机氮 INN (mg·kg^-1)	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	12.64±0.94c	25.71±2.00b	32.92±5.99a	35.21±2.04a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	13.73±1.08d	224.49±6.01a	171.27±6.58b	82.27±6.15c
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	11.15±0.06b	29.15±0.27a	28.75±0.13a	28.62±2.51a
根际土壤 Rhizosphere soil (mg·kg^-1)
铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	5.87±0.52a	9.55±5.34a	5.45±0.27a	7.16±2.17a
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	4.98±0.15a	7.11±2.12a	5.79±0.12a	5.63±0.35a
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	3.08±0.31ab	5.20±0.77a	4.19±2.40ab	2.62±0.18b
硝态氮NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	6.13±1.68b	12.08±4.19a	8.40±0.13ab	10.36±1.14ab
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	7.21±0.73c	17.73±0.09a	7.98±1.00c	12.81±3.49b
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	5.12±0.86b	6.56±0.32b	8.54±1.25a	6.35±1.09b
无机氮INN (mg·kg^-1)	2019	拔节期 Jointing stage	12.00±2.16b	21.62±6.84a	13.84±0.37b	17.52±1.06
	2019	吐丝期 Silking stage	12.19±0.83c	24.84±2.16a	13.77±0.89c	18.44±3.70b
	2019	成熟期 Maturity stage	8.20±0.56c	11.76±0.64ab	12.73±3.25a	8.97±1.00bc

表5

图2

图3

表6

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处理 Treatment	基肥Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)		追肥Topdressing (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	无机肥 Inorganic fertilizer	拔节期 Jointing period	大喇叭口期Big trumpet period
CK	0	0	0	0
NPK	0	135	67.5	67.5
NPKM30	90	45	67.5	67.5
NPKM50	135	0	67.5	67.5

处理 Treatment	氮肥 N (kg·hm^-2)	磷肥 P₂O₅ (kg·hm^-2)	钾肥 K₂O (kg·hm^-2)	杀虫剂 Pesticide (kg·hm^-2)	除草剂Herbicide (kg·hm^-2)	灌溉量 Irrigation (m³·hm^-2)	柴油 Diesel oil (kg·hm^-2)	玉米种子 Maize seed (kg·hm^-2)
CK	0	0	0	0.45	6	975	31.5	22.5
NPK	270	90	120	0.45	6	975	31.5	22.5
NPKM30	270	90	120	0.45	6	975	31.5	22.5
NPKM50	270	90	120	0.45	6	975	31.5	22.5

生产资料 Input items	碳排放系数Index of carbon emission (by CO₂)
氮肥 N	1.53 kg·kg^-1
磷肥 P₂O₅	1.63 kg·kg^-1
钾肥 K₂O	0.65 kg·kg^-1
杀虫剂 Pesticide	16.61 kg·kg^-1
除草剂Herbicide	10.15 kg·kg^-1
灌溉电力Electricity	0.80 kg·kWh^-1
柴油Diesel oil	3.10 kg·kg^-1
玉米种子Maize seed	1.93 kg·kg^-1

年份 Year	处理Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	N₂O排放通量 N₂O flux (μg·m^-2·h^-1)	N₂O累积排放量 N₂O cumulative emission (kg·hm^-2)	N₂O排放强度 N₂O emission intensity (kg·t^-1)	N₂O排放系数 N₂O emission factor (%)	N₂O累积排放量占土壤全氮比重 Ratio (?)	CO₂排放通量 CO₂ flux (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	CO₂累积排放量 CO₂cumulative emission (kg·hm^-2)	全球增温潜势 GWP (kg·hm^-2)	温室气体排放强度 GHGI (kg·kg^-1)
2018	CK	6399.10±288.53c	211.72±5.99c	4.52±0.32b	0.67±0.03a	0	14.76±1.04b	177.34±36.30c	3674.15±335.41c	5020.37±263.72c	0.79±0.08a
	NPK	8522.88±55.98ab	253.81±1.39b	6.23±0.22a	0.69±0.02a	0.59±0.15a	20.36±0.73a	234.81±11.55b	4333.53±153.99b	6189.98±106.11b	0.73±0.02a
	NPKM30	8807.15±329.88a	275.86±18.60a	6.25±0.49a	0.67±0.06a	0.59±0.14a	20.43±1.61a	235.20±16.59b	4393.73±36.33b	6256.85±150.52b	0.71±0.03a
	NPKM50	8349.92±122.83b	247.16±14.35b	5.89±0.30a	0.67±0.04a	0.48±0.21a	19.25±0.99a	284.30±6.32a	4808.55±190.86a	6564.02±233.98a	0.79±0.04a
2019	CK	7861.60±417.66b	168.22±5.19c	3.38±0.17d	0.41±0.02a	0	11.05±0.54d	192.64±3.22c	3583.36±82.41b	4590.76±115.45c	0.58±0.02a
	NPK	12166.58±1455.93a	269.58±18.25a	4.67±0.17b	0.37±0.03b	0.46±0.11b	15.27±0.57b	227.76±14.48b	4486.64±266.95a	5879.17±241.34ab	0.49±0.05b
	NPKM30	12886.34±1178.23a	275.96±12.12a	5.22±0.15a	0.39±0.02ab	0.66±0.07a	17.06±0.50a	237.48±2.14ab	4506.71±70.87a	6062.18±100.08a	0.47±0.03b
	NPKM50	12326.96±348.83a	216.09±14.06b	4.15±0.21c	0.33±0.02c	0.28±0.09c	13.56±0.69c	241.87±7.31a	4522.70±61.36a	5758.99±91.02b	0.47±0.02b

处理Treatment	化肥Fertilizer	杀虫剂 Pesticide (kg·hm^-2)	除草剂 Herbicide (kg·hm^-2)	灌溉电力 Electricity (kg·hm^-2)	柴油 Diesel oil (kg·hm^-2)	玉米种子 Mazie seed (kg·hm^-2)	直接排放 Direct emissions (kg·hm^-2)	总碳排放 Total emission (kg·hm^-2)	单位产量碳排放量 Carbon emissions of unit yield (kg·kg^-1)
CK	0	7.47	60.9	360	97.65	43.43	4805.57	5375.02	0.75
NPK	637.8	7.47	60.9	360	97.65	43.43	6034.57	7241.82	0.70
NPKM30	637.8	7.47	60.9	360	97.65	43.43	6159.51	7366.76	0.69
NPKM50	637.8	7.47	60.9	360	97.65	43.43	6161.51	7368.76	0.71