耕作与增施有机肥对陇东马铃薯-玉米一年两熟制作物产量和水分利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.08.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对陇东黄土丘陵区传统一年一熟制生产效率低、水热资源利用率不充分的问题，通过引入早熟马铃薯-玉米轮作模式，旨在突破原有种植制度限制，充分挖掘区域水热资源潜力。为进一步优化该新模式的生产效益与可持续性，本研究重点探究不同耕作与施肥措施对马铃薯-玉米一年两熟轮作系统光合特性、水分利用及产量和效益的影响，以期为提升农田周年生产力提供关键技术依据。【方法】于2023—2024年以早熟马铃薯（荷兰15号）和早熟玉米（科沃028）为材料，设置传统旋耕（TT）、传统旋耕+有机肥（TTO）、立式深旋（VT）和立式深旋+有机肥（VTO）4个处理，测定作物地上地下生物量、光合特性、产量及产量构成，计算水分利用效率和经济效益。【结果】与TT相比，VT和VTO处理显著提升了马铃薯成熟期的地上生物量和块茎产量，以及玉米成熟期的茎秆重和穗重。VT和VTO处理分别增加了马铃薯的单穴薯数、单穴薯重和商品薯率，同时提升了玉米的行粒数和百粒重。VTO处理下马铃薯和玉米产量分别达到32 853—33 879和8 289—9 860 kg·hm^-2，周年总产量达到15 065—16 431 kg·hm^-2（折粮）。相较于TT，VT和VTO处理下马铃薯产量提高21.5%—24.5%和30.4%—36.2%，玉米产量提高4.2%—10.3%和9.3%—16.2%，周年总产量增幅达11.2%—15.4%和17.8%—23.5%。VT和VTO处理还协同增强了作物光合能力，在马铃薯和玉米的关键生育时期，显著提高了叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）值、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率，同时降低了胞间CO₂浓度，改善了叶片瞬时水分利用效率。VT和VTO处理使马铃薯水分利用效率提升15.4%—19.6%和21.3%—32.5%、玉米水分利用效率提升7.3%—10.4%和13.4%—15.3%，周年降水利用率提高3.0%—3.1%和2.7%—3.4%；VTO和VT周年纯收入较TT处理分别增加19.9%—31.8%和32.7%—40.5%，VTO较VT处理减少6.3%—9.6%。以上指标除经济效益外，VTO处理在其余各项指标上的表现均优于VT，且有更好的土壤改良潜力，可实现农业可持续性。【结论】在陇东黄土丘陵区推广早熟马铃薯-玉米一年两熟制时，立式深旋结合有机肥（VTO）是实现作物产能和生态效益协同优化的最有效途径。该措施不仅为马铃薯-玉米双季栽培制度的稳定实施提供了有力保障，还有助于达成周年“吨粮田”的高产目标。尽管短期内VTO处理的经济效益略低于VT处理，但其在推动区域旱作农业资源高效与可持续利用方面显示出重要的技术支撑价值和长远潜力。

关键词: 立式深旋耕作, 有机肥, 马铃薯-玉米一年两熟, 产量, 水分利用

Abstract:

【Objective】The traditional monocropping system in the Longdong Loess Hilly Region suffers from low production efficiency and underutilization of water and thermal resources. To address these limitations, this study introduced an early-maturing potato-maize rotation model aimed at breaking through the constraints of the original cropping system and fully leveraging the region's water and thermal resource potential. To further optimize the productivity and sustainability of this new model, this research focused on investigating the effects of different tillage and fertilization practices on the photosynthetic characteristics, water use, yield, and economic benefits of the potato-maize double cropping system. These findings were expected to provide the key technical support for enhancing annual farmland productivity.【Method】During the 2023-2024 growing season, using early-maturing potato (cv. Helan 15) and early-maturing maize (cv. Kewo 028) as test materials, four treatments were established: traditional tillage (TT), traditional tillage+organic fertilizer (TTO), vertically rotary sub-soiling (VT), and vertically rotary sub-soiling + organic fertilizer (VTO). Aboveground and belowground biomass, photosynthetic characteristics, yield and yield components were measured, and water use efficiency and economic benefits were calculated too.【Result】Compared with TT, VT and VTO treatments significantly increased aboveground biomass and tuber yield at potato maturity, as well as stalk weight and ear weight at maize maturity. VT and VTO also increased the number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant, and marketable tuber rate in potato, while enhancing the number of kernels per row and 100-kernel weight in maize. Under VTO, potato and maize yields reached 32 853-33 879 and 8 289- 9 860 kg·hm^-2, respectively, resulting in an annual total yield (converted to grain equivalent) of 15 065-16 431 kg·hm^-2. Compared with TT, VT and VTO increased potato yield by 21.5%-24.5% and 30.4%-36.2%, maize yield by 4.2%-10.3% and 9.3%-16.2%, and total annual yield by 11.2%-15.4% and 17.8%-23.5%, respectively. Furthermore, VT and VTO synergistically enhanced photosynthetic capacity. During key growth stages of both crops, these treatments significantly increased leaf SPAD values, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, while decreasing intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and improving instantaneous water use efficiency. Specifically, VT and VTO improved water use efficiency in potato by 15.4%-19.6% and 21.3%-32.5%, and in maize by 7.3%-10.4% and 13.4%-15.3%, respectively. Annual precipitation use efficiency increased by 3.0%-3.1% under VTO and 2.7%-3.4% under VT. Economically, VTO and VT increased net income by 19.9%-31.8% and 32.7%-40.5% compared with TT, though VTO was 6.3%-9.6% lower than VT. With the exception of economic returns, VTO outperformed VT in all other metrics evaluated and demonstrated greater potential for soil improvement, supporting its role in advancing agricultural sustainability.【Conclusion】In promoting the early-maturing potato-maize double cropping system in the Longdong Loess Hilly Region, the combination of vertically rotary sub-soiling with organic fertilizer (VTO) represented the most effective approach for synergistically enhancing crop productivity and ecological benefits. This practice not only provided robust support for the stable implementation of the potato-maize double cropping system but also contributed to achieving the high-yield goal of an annual "ton-grain hectare" (10 000 kg·hm^-2). Although the economic return of VTO was slightly lower than that under VT in the short term, it demonstrated significant technical value and long-term potential in promoting efficient and sustainable use of resources in regional dryland farming systems.

Key words: vertically rotary sub-soiling, organic fertilizer, potato-maize double cropping, yield, water use efficiency

侯慧芝, 尹嘉德, 马明生, 刘晓伟, 柳燕兰, 雷康宁. 耕作与增施有机肥对陇东马铃薯-玉米一年两熟制作物产量和水分利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(8): 1672-1685.

HOU HuiZhi, YIN JiaDe, MA MingSheng, LIU XiaoWei, LIU YanLan, LEI KangNing. Effects of Tillage and Organic Fertilizer Application on Crop Yield and Water Use in a Potato-Maize Double Cropping System in the Longdong Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(8): 1672-1685.

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处理 Treatment	耕作方式 Tillage method	有机物料 Organic material
TT	传统旋耕 Traditional rotary tillage	无有机物料 No organic material
TTO	传统旋耕 Traditional rotary tillage	增施含碳量25%以上的有机肥27 t·hm^-2 Apply organic fertilizer with a carbon content of more than 25% at a rate of 27 t·hm^-2
VT	立式深旋耕作 Vertically rotary sub-soiling	无有机物料 No organic material
VTO	立式深旋耕作 Vertically rotary sub-soiling	增施含碳量25%以上的有机肥27 t·hm^-2 Apply organic fertilizer with a carbon content of more than 25% at a rate of 27 t·hm^-2

处理 Treatment	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg^-1)	土壤碱解氮 Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	土壤有效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	土壤速效钾 Soil available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
TT	1.35±0.01a	14.7±0.3c	74.7±0.6c	10.6±0.5c	161.3±6.0b
TTO	1.32±0.01a	16.0±0.2a	78.6±0.5b	12.6±0.8bc	179.3±6.7a
VT	1.29±0.01b	15.3±0.1b	79.3±0.2b	13.5±0.8ab	181.7±1.5a
VTO	1.26±0.02b	16.3±0.2a	80.9±0.5a	14.6±1.0a	192.3±7.0a

处理 Treatment	一茬马铃薯 First-season potato						二茬玉米Second-season maize
	单穴薯数 The number of potatoes per hole		单穴薯重 Weight of potatoes per hole (g)		商品薯率 Commercial potato rate (%)		穗行数 Number of kernel rows per ear		行粒数 Number of grains per row		百粒重 100-seed weight (g)
	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024
TT	3.6±0.1b	3.7±0.0b	506.3±13.0c	432.0±8.4c	86.8±0.7b	84.9±0.9b	13.8±0.1b	14.1±0.2b	33.5±0.1c	34.8±0.3c	31.5±0.3c	34.2±0.5c
TTO	3.7±0.1ab	3.7±0.1b	524.0±4.3c	456.2±5.4c	88.1±0.6b	86.9±2.3b	13.9±0.1b	14.1±0.1ab	33.8±0.1c	35.9±0.7c	32.9±0.2b	34.6±0.4c
VT	4.0±0.2a	3.8±0.2ab	547.6±3.4b	511.7±15.1b	92.1±0.8a	92.8±1.1a	13.9±0.1ab	14.4±0.2ab	34.8±0.1b	37.0±0.2b	33.3±0.3b	39.7±0.0b
VTO	4.0±0.2a	4.1±0.1a	576.7±6.7a	560.0±14.0a	93.3±0.5a	94.1±0.6a	14.1±0.1a	14.5±0.2a	35.2±0.2a	38.4±0.4a	34.8±0.3a	43.0±0.1a

处理 Treatment	马铃薯收益 Potato revenue (yuan/hm²)		玉米收益 Maize revenue (yuan/hm²)		总投入 Total input cost (yuan/hm²)		纯收益 Net profit (yuan/hm²)
处理 Treatment	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024	2023	2024
TT	36377±351b	33763±633d	19727±137c	22060±225c	30600	30600	25504±385c	25223±668c
TTO	38368±464c	36761±116c	20605±81b	22619±264c	38100	38100	20872±443d	21279±365d
VT	44187±1014b	42018±333b	20553±146b	24327±229b	30900	30900	33841±1127a	35444±436a
VTO	47431±437a	45995±813a	21552±487a	25636±280a	38400	38400	30583±711b	33231±832b