有机肥不同替代比例对土壤多功能性的影响及微生物驱动机制

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.08.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (8): 1712-1726.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.08.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

有机肥不同替代比例对土壤多功能性的影响及微生物驱动机制

王彩玉¹^,²(), 刘小丽¹, 李文广¹^,³^,^*(), 杨文平⁴, 杨珍平¹^,^*(), 高志强¹

¹ 山西农业大学农学院/黄土高原特色作物优质高效生产省部共建协同创新中心，山西太谷 030801
² 天津大学环境科学与工程学院，天津 300072
³ 山西农业大学生态环境产业技术研究院，太原 030031
⁴ 华北理工大学生命科学学院，河北唐山 063210

收稿日期:2025-07-09 接受日期:2026-01-29 出版日期:2026-04-21 发布日期:2026-04-21
通信作者:
杨珍平，E-mail：yangzp.2@163.com。
李文广，E-mail：wenguang.li@sxau.edu.cn
联系方式: 王彩玉，E-mail：gtq1003@126.com。
基金资助:
山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(2025CYJSTX18-22); 山西农业大学“产学研融合推进工程”项目(2024CXYRH-047); 国家重点研发计划(2015BAD23B04-2); 公益性科研专项(201503120)

Effects of Different Substitution Rates of Organic Fertilizers on Soil Multifunctionality and Its Microbial Driving Mechanisms

WANG CaiYu¹^,²(), LIU XiaoLi¹, LI WenGuang¹^,³^,^*(), YANG WenPing⁴, YANG ZhenPing¹^,^*(), GAO ZhiQiang¹

¹ College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University/Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-Quality and Efficiency in Loess Plateau, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
² College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072
³ Institute of Ecological Environment Industry Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030801
⁴ College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei

Received:2025-07-09 Accepted:2026-01-29 Published:2026-04-21 Online:2026-04-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究有机肥不同比例替代化肥对旱地小麦生产力、氮磷肥农学效率、土壤多功能性及微生物群落结构的影响，重点解析土壤多功能性驱动作物生长的微生物机制，为黄土高原旱地合理施肥、培育健康土壤和农业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】于2019—2022年开展旱地小麦施肥试验，所设6个处理分别为不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）和有机肥氮以20%、40%、60%、80%替代化肥氮（MN：M₂₀N₈₀、M₄₀N₆₀、M₆₀N₄₀、M₈₀N₂₀）。采用宏基因组测序技术获取了62种与碳、氮、磷、硫循环相关的功能基因，并分析了群落组成和多样性差异，探索旱地农田生态系统中微生物群落如何通过土壤多功能性影响小麦生长。【结果】MN处理的小麦产量、氮磷肥农学效率和土壤多功能性均显著高于CK和CF处理，其中M₄₀N₆₀表现最优。与CK相比，M₄₀N₆₀的小麦平均产量和土壤多功能性提升幅度最大，分别为60.1%和191.6%。群落分析结果表明，施肥显著改变了细菌和真菌群落组成和多样性，细菌群落优势菌门分别为Actinobacteria（32.4%）、Proteobacteria（31.1%）和Acidobacteria（13.5%），真菌群落优势菌门分别为Ascomycota（0.6%）、Mucoromycota（0.2%）和Basidiomycota（0.1%）。不同处理的物种丰富度和香农指数分布规律不同，香农指数表现为MN>CF>CK处理，且其随有机肥替代比例的降低先增加后降低；物种丰富度表现为CK>CF>MN处理。校正随机率结果表明，细菌群落和真菌群落构建中分别由确定性和随机性过程主导。相关性结果表明，土壤多功能性与产量和细菌群落香农指数显著正相关，但与物种丰富度无显著关系。结构方程结果表明，在考虑了多种土壤变量后，细菌香农指数与土壤多功能性仍然保持正相关关系，且土壤多功能性对小麦产量产生积极影响。随机森林分析表明，稀有细菌类群对土壤多功能性的预测作用强于丰富细菌类群。【结论】有机肥氮替代40%化肥氮（M₄₀N₆₀）能实现作物生产力与土壤健康协同提升，建议将其纳入黄土高原旱地农业的推荐施肥方案。

关键词: 旱地, 冬小麦, 土壤微生物, 土壤多功能性, 有机肥替代化肥

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of varying substitution proportions of organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers on dryland wheat productivity, agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers, soil multifunctionality, and microbial community structure. It focused on elucidating the microbial mechanisms underlying soil multifunctionality-driven crop growth, to provide a scientific basis for optimizing fertilization practices, promoting soil health, and advancing sustainable agricultural development in the Loess Plateau.【Method】The dryland wheat fertilization experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2022, with six treatments, including no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (CF), and substitution of chemical fertilizer N with 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% organic fertilizer N (MN: M₂₀N₈₀, M₄₀N₆₀, M₆₀N₄₀, M₈₀N₂₀). Macrogenome sequencing technology was used to obtain 62 functional genes related to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycling, and to analyze the differences in community composition and diversity, exploring how microbial communities in dryland farmland ecosystems affect wheat growth through soil multifunctionality.【Result】The yield, N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and soil multifunctionality under MN were significantly higher than those under CK and CF, with M₄₀N₆₀ showing the best performance. Compared with CK, M₄₀N₆₀ had the greatest improvement in average yield and soil multifunctionality, reaching 60.1% and 191.6%. The results of microbial community analysis showed that fertilization significantly changed the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. The dominant bacterial phyla in the bacterial community were Actinobacteria (32.4%), Proteobacteria (31.1%), and Acidobacteria (13.5%). The dominant fungal phyla in the fungal community were Ascomycota (0.6%), Mucoromycota (0.2%), and Basidiomycota (0.1%). The distribution patterns of species richness and the Shannon index were different. The Shannon index showed CK<CF<MN, and it increased and then decreased with the decrease of organic fertilizer substitution proportion; the species richness was CK>CF>MN. The results of modified stochasticity ratio indicated that community assembly of bacterial and fungal communities was dominated by deterministic and stochastic processes, respectively. The correlation results indicated that soil multifunctionality was significantly positively correlated with yield and bacterial Shannon index but had no significant relationship with species richness. After incorporating multiple soil variables into the structural equation, the bacterial Shannon index remained positively correlated with soil multifunctionality, and soil multifunctionality exerts a positive effect on wheat yield. Random forest analysis indicated that the predictive effect of rare bacterial taxa on soil multifunctionality was stronger than that of rich bacterial taxa.【Conclusion】Substitution of chemical fertilizer N with 40% organic fertilizer N (M₄₀N₆₀) could achieve a synergistic improvement in crop productivity and soil health. It was recommended to include it in the recommended fertilization program for dryland agriculture on the Loess Plateau.

Key words: dryland, winter wheat, soil microbiome, soil multifunctionality, organic fertilizer substitution of chemical fertilizer

王彩玉, 刘小丽, 李文广, 杨文平, 杨珍平, 高志强. 有机肥不同替代比例对土壤多功能性的影响及微生物驱动机制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(8): 1712-1726.

WANG CaiYu, LIU XiaoLi, LI WenGuang, YANG WenPing, YANG ZhenPing, GAO ZhiQiang. Effects of Different Substitution Rates of Organic Fertilizers on Soil Multifunctionality and Its Microbial Driving Mechanisms[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(8): 1712-1726.

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有机肥不同替代比例对土壤多功能性的影响及微生物驱动机制

Effects of Different Substitution Rates of Organic Fertilizers on Soil Multifunctionality and Its Microbial Driving Mechanisms

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处理 Treatment	有机肥 Organic fertilization	化肥 Chemical fertilization			养分输入总量 Total nutrient input
处理 Treatment	有机肥 Organic fertilization	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CK	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CF	0	150	90	60	150	90	60
M₂₀N₈₀	1293.2	120	72.0	48.3	150	90	60
M₄₀N₆₀	2586.4	90	54.0	36.7	150	90	60
M₆₀N₄₀	3879.6	60	36.1	25.1	150	90	60
M₈₀N₂₀	5172.8	30	18.1	13.4	150	90	60

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