秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤生态系统多功能性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (14): 2821-2837.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤生态系统多功能性的影响

宣泽鹏¹^,²(), 冯慧瑶¹^,², 陈美淇²^,³, 徐基胜², 刘梦璇²^,⁵, 赵炳梓²^,⁴^,^*(), 张佳宝¹^,²^,^*()

¹ 山西农业大学资源环境学院，山西太谷 030801
² 土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室（中国科学院南京土壤研究所），南京 211135
³ 南京师范大学地理科学学院，南京 210023
⁴ 中国科学院大学南京学院，南京 211135
⁵ 南京林业大学林草学院、水土保持学院，南京 210037

收稿日期:2024-09-14 接受日期:2024-11-02 出版日期:2025-07-17 发布日期:2025-07-17
通信作者:
赵炳梓，E-mail：bzhao@issas.ac.cn。
张佳宝，E-mail：jbzhang@issas.ac.cn。
联系方式: 宣泽鹏，E-mail：1372298027@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500502); 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500401); 国家自然科学基金(42277347); 甘肃省白银市景泰县盐碱地综合利用试点项目（第二标段）核心试验示范工程(JTYJDSDXM-SG-02); 国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-03)

Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Ecosystem Multifunctionality

XUAN ZePeng¹^,²(), FENG HuiYao¹^,², CHEN MeiQi²^,³, XU JiSheng², LIU MengXuan²^,⁵, ZHAO BingZi²^,⁴^,^*(), ZHANG JiaBao¹^,²^,^*()

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
² State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture (Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Nanjing 211135
³ College of Geographic Sciences of Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023
⁴ College of Nanjing, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 211135
⁵ College of Forestry and Grassland & College of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037

Received:2024-09-14 Accepted:2024-11-02 Published:2025-07-17 Online:2025-07-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨秸秆还田与化肥配施对农田生态系统多功能性的影响，为秸秆与化肥的科学配施及作物生产力的提高提供理论支撑。【方法】本研究进行为期8年的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作试验（2012—2020），设置不施肥对照（NF）、单施化肥（F）、单施秸秆（S）、秸秆还田与化肥配施（FS）4个处理，测定17种常用农田生态系统服务功能指标，计算土壤生态系统多功能性指数（MFI），同时测定根际与非根际细菌和真菌群落组成，探究化肥以及秸秆还田对土壤生态系统多功能性的耦合影响及土壤性质中主要的驱动因子。【结果】F和FS较NF处理显著提高了作物产量和MFI，但S处理只增加了土壤MFI，对产量无显著影响。随机森林模型显示，N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和全氮（TN）是影响MFI的最关键因素。施肥还显著改变了根际和非根际土壤中细菌和真菌的群落结构；与NF处理相比，F和FS处理显著增加了非根际微生物放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度以及根际真菌担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度。冗余分析表明，土壤有机质及其组分可溶性有机碳是影响非根际细菌和真菌群落组成的关键因素。网络分析和相关性分析发现，MFI与非根际和根际微生物网络模块相对丰度显著相关。高产组（F和FS处理）在非根际土壤中富集的物种，如Hannaella、Chaetomium等，具有较强的氨基酸、核苷酸代谢能力，对土壤生态系统多功能性具有正效应；低产组（NF与S处理）则在非根际与根际土壤中富集了不利于土壤养分固持的物种，如Solibacterales、Phycicoccus和Pleosporales。【结论】秸秆还田与化肥配施可显著提高作物产量和生态系统多功能性指数。秸秆还田配施化肥可通过增加土壤酶活性和全氮含量来增强生态系统多功能性，同时在非根际土壤中富集参与养分循环、提高酶活性和增强氨基酸和核苷酸代谢能力的特定物种（Hannaella、Chaetomium等）从而有利于维持生态系统多功能性。

关键词: 生态系统多功能性指数, 秸秆还田, 化肥, 根际微生物, 土壤酶活性, 功能预测

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the impact of combined application of straw returning and chemical fertilizers on the multifunctionality of farmland ecosystem, so as to provide the theoretical support for the scientific combined application of straw and chemical fertilizers and the improvement of crop productivity. 【Method】An eight-year winter wheat-summer maize rotation experiment (2012-2020) was conducted with four treatments: no fertilization control treatment (NF), single application of chemical fertilizers (F), single application of straw (S), and combined application of straw returning and chemical fertilizers (FS). 17 general indexes of farmland ecosystem service function were determined to calculate soil ecosystem multifunction index (MFI). In addition, the compositions of bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil were determined. The coupling effects of chemical fertilizers and straw returning on the multifunctionality of soil ecosystem and the main driving factors in soil properties were explored. 【Result】Compared with NF, F and FS treatments significantly increased crop yields and MFI, but S treatment only increased soil MFI without significant effect on yield. A random forest model showed that n-acetyl-β-glucosaminase (NAG) and total nitrogen (TN) were the most important factors affecting MFI. Long-term fertilization also significantly changed the community structure of bacteria and fungi in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil compartments. Compared with the NF treatment, F and FS treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of bulk microorganisms, such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Basidiomycota, as well as the relative abundance of rhizosphere fungi, such as Basidiomycota. The redundancy analysis showed that SOM and its component, dissolved organic carbon, were the key factors affecting the composition of bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities. Network analysis and correlation analysis further showed that MFI was significantly correlated with the relative abundances of network modules for both bulk and rhizosphere microorganisms. Moreover, the F and FS treatments with the high production level enriched bulk soil microorganisms, such as Hannaella and Chaetomium, which had strong metabolism of amino acid and nucleotide, contributing to the soil ecosystem multifunctionality. Nevertheless, for the low-yielding group (NF and S treatments), the species that were not favorable to soil nutrient retention were enriched in both the bulk and rhizosphere soil, such as Solibacterales, Phycicoccus, and Pleosporales. 【Conclusion】The combined treatment of straw incorporation and chemical fertilizer could significantly improve both crop yield and ecosystem multifunction indexes. Long-term straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer could enhance ecosystem multifunctionality by increasing soil enzyme activity and total nitrogen content. This practice also fostered the proliferation of specific species (Hannaella, Chaetomium, etc.), which played key roles in nutrient cycling, enzyme activity, and promoted amino acid and nucleotide metabolism in the bulk soil, thus contributing to the maintenance of ecosystem multifunctionality.

Key words: ecosystem multifunctionality index, straw return, chemical fertilizers, rhizosphere microbiota, soil enzyme activity, function prediction

宣泽鹏, 冯慧瑶, 陈美淇, 徐基胜, 刘梦璇, 赵炳梓, 张佳宝. 秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤生态系统多功能性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(14): 2821-2837.

XUAN ZePeng, FENG HuiYao, CHEN MeiQi, XU JiSheng, LIU MengXuan, ZHAO BingZi, ZHANG JiaBao. Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Ecosystem Multifunctionality[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2821-2837.

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土壤性质 Soil property	NF	F	S	FS
pH	8.53±0.04a	8.26±0.03c	8.48±0.02b	8.19±0.04d
有机质 Soil organic matter, SOM (g·kg^-1)	9.90±1.02c	12.95±0.39b	13.20±0.61b	22.11±1.33a
全氮 Total nitrogen, TN (g·kg^-1)	0.62±0.04d	0.84±0.06b	0.74±0.01c	1.05±0.06a
全磷 Total Phosphorus, TP (g·kg^-1)	0.95±0.06b	1.37±0.14a	0.91±0.05b	1.31±0.09a
全钾 Total potassium, TK (g·kg^-1)	15.7±0.59a	16.36±0.58a	15.08±0.35a	16.43±0.68a
有效磷 Available phosphorus, AP (mg·kg^-1)	2.47±0.88b	9.08±1.08a	2.68±1.10b	9.92±1.93a
速效钾 Available potassium, AK (mg·kg^-1)	52.68±2.06d	100.39±8.49b	71.98±6.19c	159.57±11.18a
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen, NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	6.90±0.85c	8.32±0.92b	9.88±0.76b	13.18±2.68a
微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon, MBC (mg·kg^-1)	185.12±31.16d	352.17±34.21b	264.22±36.45c	454.91±68.84a
微生物生物量氮 Microbial biomass nitrogen, MBN (mg·kg^-1)	27.84±4.22c	53.15±4.14a	27.84±2.00c	47.03±5.43b
可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon, DOC (mg·kg^-1)	30.16±1.92b	34.41±3.97b	32.89±1.58b	44.25±3.50a
可溶性有机氮 Dissolved organic nitrogen, DON (mg·kg^-1)	5.19±0.73b	6.44±2.63b	8.27±0.70b	9.64±1.08a

酶活性 Enzyme activity	NF	F	S	FS
β-葡萄糖苷酶 β-glucosidase, BG (mg·g^-1·h^-1)	166.2±12.57d	280.5±12.1b	215.83±17.31c	479.75±67.85a
N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶 β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, NAG (mg·kg^-1·h^-1)	35.65±2.51d	79.89±4.67b	52.50±9.31c	130.86±17.07a
脲酶 Urease, UR (mg·kg^-1·h^-1)	130.86±17.07a	1.63±0.21b	2.17±0.12a	1.23±0.29c
碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase, AKP (mg·g^-1·h^-1)	901.09±69.33d	1604.89±186.31b	1078.93±93.18c	1979.98±282.57a
转化酶 Invertase, INV (mg·g^-1·h^-1)	1362.49±115.25d	2343.29±247.09b	1751.53±92.22c	3682.54±467.48a

	非根际土壤模块相对丰度 Relative abundances of module in bulk soil				根际土壤模块相对丰度 Relative abundances of module in rhizosphere soil
	Module1	Module2	Module3		Module1	Module2	Module3
生态多功能指数MFI	-0.133	0.523**	0.406		-0.436	-0.551**	-0.338

秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤生态系统多功能性的影响

Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Ecosystem Multifunctionality

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