引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦籽粒品质稳定性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探索连续多年减施化肥对春小麦籽粒品质稳定性的影响，以评估化肥减施技术的可持续性，为宁夏春小麦化肥合理减施提供理论依据。【方法】以宁春4号为供试材料，2019—2023年开展氮、磷、钾化肥减施田间定位试验，根据前期氮、磷、钾肥用量试验所建立的肥料效应函数，设计减肥上限（RF1，施180 kg N·hm^-2、45 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、30 kg K₂O·hm^-2）和减肥下限（RF2，施225 kg N·hm^-2、75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、45 kg K₂O·hm^-2）处理，同时设置常规施肥（CF，施270 kg N·hm^-2、150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、75 kg K₂O·hm^-2）和不施肥（CK）对照处理，分析2021—2023年氮、磷、钾化肥减施下春小麦旗叶SPAD值、叶面积、干物质分配、光合能力的变化以及籽粒品质稳定性。【结果】与常规施肥（CF）相比，减肥上限处理（RF1）的SPAD值和叶面积在2022—2023年均未显著下降（P>0.05），而减肥下限处理（RF2）的趋于增加。从光合指标来看，RF2处理的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率较常规处理的趋于增加，而RF1的趋于下降，其中，2023年RF2处理的净光合速率较CF处理显著提高25.0%。春小麦干物质总量亦表现为RF2较高，2021、2022、2023年分别较CF处理的增加了2.2%、3.7%、0.1%，其干物质向籽粒的分配率在2021和2023年亦表现为最大，分别为38.3%和38.6%。对籽粒品质而言，适当减施化肥（RF2）有利于并持续提高春小麦籽粒中粗蛋白质含量和可溶性糖含量，其中2021和2023年粗蛋白质含量较常规施肥处理增加6.3%和12.2%；而过量减施化肥（RF1）则导致粗蛋白质和可溶性糖含量呈降低趋势。除不施肥处理外，RF1处理蛋白质产量最低，2021年和2023年分别较CF显著降低46.68%和38.72%。从品质稳定性来看，蛋白质稳定性指数以RF2处理的最低，各处理可溶性糖稳定性指数无显著差异，淀粉稳定性指数以RF1处理的最小，说明适量减施氮、磷、钾化肥有利于蛋白质的稳定。从相关分析结果来看，籽粒粗蛋白质含量与春小麦灌浆期旗叶的SPAD值、叶面积、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、营养体和籽粒中干物质累积量均呈极显著正相关关系；同时，籽粒中干物质累积量与SPAD值、叶面积和净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、成熟期营养体干物质累积量之间均呈极显著正相关关系；籽粒中可溶性糖含量与气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率呈正相关关系。通过主成分分析发现，籽粒产量、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔导度和粗蛋白质含量、淀粉含量和叶面积的载荷值较高，且减肥下限处理的春小麦品质最佳。【结论】宁夏引黄灌区连续适量减施化肥（225 kg N·hm^-2、75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、45 kg K₂O·hm^-2，相对常规施肥减N 17.0%、减P₂O₅ 50.0%、减K₂O 40.0%）可以在一定程度上增大春小麦灌浆期旗叶SPAD值和叶面积，改善灌浆期的光合效率，促进干物质积累并向籽粒转运和分配，从而稳定提高籽粒品质，尤其提高了粗蛋白和可溶性糖含量。

关键词: 春小麦, 连续减施化肥, 光合能力, 干物质累积与分配, 籽粒品质稳定性

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous reducing chemical fertilizer on the stability of spring wheat grain quality, to evaluate the sustainability of chemical fertilizer reduction techniques, and then to provide a theoretical basis for the rational reduction of chemical fertilizers in spring wheat in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia. 【Method】A positioning field experiment on the reduction of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers was conducted with Ningchun 4 cultivar of spring wheat as the test crop from 2019 to 2023. According to the fertilizer response functions established in previous experiments on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium application rates, the treatments of the upper limit of fertilizer reduction (RF1: applying 180 kg of N, 45 kg of P₂O₅, and 30 kg of K₂O per hectare) and the lower limit of fertilizer reduction (RF2: applying 225 kg of N, 75 kg of P₂O₅, and 45 kg of K₂O per hectare) were designed. Additionally, a conventional fertilization treatment (CF: applying 270 kg of N, 150 kg of P₂O₅, and 75 kg of K₂O per hectare) and a no- fertilization (CK) were set as controls. The variations in the SPAD value, leaf area, dry matter allocation, and photosynthetic capacity of spring wheat flag leaves from 2021 to 2023 were measured to analyze the stability of grain quality. 【Result】During 2022-2023, compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the SPAD value and leaf area under RF1 treatment did not decrease significantly (P>0.05), and those under RF2 treatment tended to increase, yet without reaching a significant level. As for the photosynthetic indicators, in 2021 and 2023, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were the highest under RF2 treatment, which was increased by 29.8% and 25.0%, 6.1% and 6.9%, 5.4% and 16.6%, compared with CF treatment, respectively, while RF1 treatment showed a certain degree of decline compared with CF treatment. From 2021 to 2023, the total dry matter of spring wheat presented the order of RF2 > CF > RF1 > CK. In 2021, CK treatment significantly decreased by 53.3%, 50.1% and 56.6% compared with CF, RF1 and RF2 treatment, respectively, and significantly decreased by 67.2%, 57.9% and 67.3% in 2023, respectively. In 2021 and 2023, the distribution rate of dry matter to grain was the highest under RF2, which was 38.3% and 38.6%, respectively. For grain quality, appropriate reducing chemical fertilizer application (RF2) was conducive to and continuously increases the crude protein content and soluble sugar content in spring wheat grains; compared with the CF treatment, in 2021 and 2023, they increased by 6.3% and 1.0%, 14.4% and 1.8%, and 12.2% and 1.4%, respectively. However, excessive reduction of chemical fertilizer application (RF1) led to a decreasing trend in crude protein and soluble sugar content. Except for the no-fertilization control, the RF1 treatment resulted in the lowest protein yield, which was significantly reduced by 46.68% and 38.72% compared to the CF treatment in 2021 and 2023, respectively.The protein stability index was based on the lowest RF2. There was little difference in the soluble-sugar stability index among different treatments, and the starch stability index was the minimum under RF1 treatment. The crude protein content in grains was extremely significantly and positively correlated with the SPAD value, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs and grains of the flag leaves during the grain-filling period of spring wheat. Meanwhile, there were extremely significant positive correlations among the SPAD value, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs and grains at the maturity stage. The soluble sugar content in grains was positively correlated with stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and transpiration rate. Through principal component analysis, it was found that the load values of grain dry matter mass, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, crude protein content, starch content, and leaf area were relatively high, and the quality of spring wheat under RF2 treatment was the best. 【Conclusion】In the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia, the continuous and appropriate reduction of chemical fertilizers (applying 225 kg N·hm^-2, 75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 45 kg K₂O·hm^-2, with a 17.0% reduction in N, a 50.0% reduction in P₂O₅, and a 40.0% reduction in K₂O compared to CF) could, to a certain extent, increase the SPAD value and leaf area of the flag leaves during the grain-filling stage of spring wheat, improve its photosynthetic efficiency, and promote dry matter accumulation and its translocation and distribution to grains, thereby stably improving the quality of grain, especially for the content of crude protein and soluble sugar.

Key words: spring wheat, continuous reduction of fertilizer application, photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and distribution, quality stability of grain

钱芝瑾, 王西娜, 田海梅, 王月梅, 郝雯悦, 周慧, 谭军利. 引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦籽粒品质稳定性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(22): 4703-4717.

QIAN ZhiJin, WANG XiNa, TIAN HaiMei, WANG YueMei, HAO WenYue, ZHOU Hui, TAN JunLi. Effects of Continuous Reduction Fertilization on the Stability of Spring Wheat Grain Quality in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(22): 4703-4717.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.011

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I22/4703

图/表 13

表1

表2

表3

表4

图1

图2

表5

图3

表6

表7

图4

图5

表8

参考文献 46

[1]	韩明会, 李保国, 张丹, 李颖. 再生农业: 基于土地保护性利用的可持续农业. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(5): 1003-1016. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.05.012.
	HAN M H, LI B G, ZHANG D, LI Y. Regenerative agriculture- sustainable agriculture based on the conservational land use. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(5): 1003-1016. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.05.012. (in Chinese)
[2]	杨滨键, 尚杰, 于法稳. 农业面源污染防治的难点、问题及对策. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2019, 27(2): 236-245.
	YANG B J, SHANG J, YU F W. Difficulty, problems and countermeasures of agricultural non-point sources pollution control in China. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019, 27(2): 236-245. (in Chinese)
[3]	李芳, 冯淑怡, 曲福田. 发达国家化肥减量政策的适用性分析及启示. 农业资源与环境学报, 2017, 34(1): 15-23.
	LI F, FENG S Y, QU F T. Fertilizer reduction policies in developed countries: suitability and implications. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2017, 34(1): 15-23. (in Chinese)
[4]	刘钦普. 中国化肥施用强度及环境安全阈值时空变化. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(6): 214-221.
	LIU Q P. Spatio-temporal changes of fertilization intensity and environmental safety threshold in China. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(6): 214-221. (in Chinese)
[5]	陈诚, 吴柯, 陈江龙. 基于投入品减量增效视角的长江经济带农业生产绿色化演进研究. 自然资源学报, 2024, 39(10): 2399-2417.
	CHEN C, WU K, CHEN J L. Evolution of agricultural green development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on the perspective of reducing chemical products input and increasing output. Journal of Natural Resources, 2024, 39(10): 2399-2417. (in Chinese)
[6]	王月梅, 田海梅, 王西娜, 郝雯悦, 吕喆铭, 于金铭, 谭军利, 王朝辉. 引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦产量稳定性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(3): 539-554. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.009.
	WANG Y M, TIAN H M, WANG X N, HAO W Y, LÜ Z M, YU J M, TAN J L, WANG Z H. Effect of continuous reduction of fertilizer application on yield stability of spring wheat in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(3): 539-554. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.009. (in Chinese)
[7]	NOURELDIN N A, SAUDY H S, ASHMAWY F, SAED H M. Grain yield response index of bread wheat cultivars as influenced by nitrogen levels. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 58(2): 147-152.
[8]	GUAN G, TU S X, LI H L, YANG J C, ZHANG J F, WEN S L, YANG L. Phosphorus fertilization modes affect crop yield, nutrient uptake, and soil biological properties in the rice-wheat cropping system. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2013, 77(1): 166-172.
[9]	WANG Y, ZHAO X, WANG L, ZHAO P H, ZHU W B, WANG S Q. Phosphorus fertilization to the wheat-growing season only in a rice-wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake region of China. Field Crops Research, 2016, 198: 32-39.
[10]	CAHOON L B, ENSIGN S H. Spatial and temporal variability in excessive soil phosphorus levels in eastern North Carolina. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2004, 69(2): 111-125.
[11]	WANG J, LÜ G A, GUO X S, WANG Y Q, DING S W, WANG D Z. Conservation tillage and optimized fertilization reduce winter runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland in the Chaohu Lake region, China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015, 101(1): 93-106.
[12]	杜新慧, 王祎, 王宜伦, 汪强, 李慧, 苗玉红, 谭金芳, 韩燕来. 砂质潮土区不同小麦品种的施钾效应. 麦类作物学报, 2014, 34(3): 358-363.
	DU X H, WANG Y, WANG Y L, WANG Q, LI H, MIAO Y H, TAN J F, HAN Y L. Potassium effects on different wheat varieties in sandy soil. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2014, 34(3): 358-363. (in Chinese)
[13]	丛孟菲, 赖宁, 胡洋, 吴江红, 马雯琪, 孙霞, 陈署晃, 贾宏涛. 化肥减施对滴灌冬小麦灌浆期光合生理特性的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2022(5): 43-50.
	CONG M F, LAI N, HU Y, WU J H, MA W Q, SUN X, CHEN S H, JIA H T. Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on photosynthetic physiological characteristics of winter wheat at grain filling stage under drip irrigation. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2022(5): 43-50. (in Chinese)
[14]	杨明达, 马守臣, 杨慎骄, 张素瑜, 关小康, 李学梅, 王同朝, 李春喜. 氮肥后移对抽穗后水分胁迫下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(11): 3315-3321.
	YANG M D, MA S C, YANG S J, ZHANG S Y, GUAN X K, LI X M, WANG T C, LI C X. Effects of postponing nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat subjected to water stress after heading stage. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(11): 3315-3321. (in Chinese)
[15]	牟海萌, 孙丽芳, 王壮壮, 王宇, 宋一凡, 张荣, 段剑钊, 谢迎新, 康国章, 王永华, 郭天财. 施氮量和种植密度对两冬小麦品种抗倒性能和籽粒产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(15): 2863-2879. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.003.
	MU H M, SUN L F, WANG Z Z, WANG Y, SONG Y F, ZHANG R, DUAN J Z, XIE Y X, KANG G Z, WANG Y H, GUO T C. Effect of nitrogen application rate and planting density on the lodging resistance and grain yield of two winter wheat varieties. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(15): 2863-2879. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.003. (in Chinese)
[16]	刘世洁, 杨习文, 马耕, 冯昊翔, 韩志栋, 韩潇杰, 张晓燕, 贺德先, 马冬云, 谢迎新, 王丽芳, 王晨阳. 灌水和施氮对冬小麦根系特征及氮素利用的影响. 作物学报, 2023, 49(8): 2296-2307.
	LIU S J, YANG X W, MA G, FENG H X, HAN Z D, HAN X J, ZHANG X Y, HE D X, MA D Y, XIE Y X, WANG L F, WANG C Y. Effects of water and nitrogen application on root characteristics and nitrogen utilization in winter wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(8): 2296-2307. (in Chinese)
[17]	吴培金, 闫素辉, 邵庆勤, 许峰, 张从宇, 李文阳. 施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质形成的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2020, 40(10): 1232-1238.
	WU P J, YAN S H, SHAO Q Q, XU F, ZHANG C Y, LI W Y. Effect of nitrogen rate on grain quality of weak gluten wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2020, 40(10): 1232-1238. (in Chinese)
[18]	马永鑫, 王西娜, 韦广源, 薛旭, 郝雯悦, 王朝辉, 谭军利. 减氮节水对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦光合特性与产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2022, 38(10): 75-84.
	MA Y X, WANG X N, WEI G Y, XUE X, HAO W Y, WANG Z H, TAN J L. Effects of nitrogen reduction and water saving on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring wheat in the Yellow River Irrigation Areas of Ningxia. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2022, 38(10): 75-84. (in Chinese)
[19]	李红, 王西娜, 韦广源, 马永鑫, 田海梅, 王月梅, 钱芝瑾, 谭军利. 节水减氮对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦抗倒伏特性及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(17): 3424-3439. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.009.
	LI H, WANG X N, WEI G Y, MA Y X, TIAN H M, WANG Y M, QIAN Z J, TAN J L. Effects of water saving and nitrogen reduction on lodging resistance and grain yield of spring wheat in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(17): 3424-3439. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.009. (in Chinese)
[20]	马静丽, 方保停, 乔亚伟, 李春喜, 王志敏, 蒿宝珍, 姜丽娜. 减氮对豫北限水灌溉冬小麦冠层结构和光合特性的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2019, 39(3): 346-355.
	MA J L, FANG B T, QIAO Y W, LI C X, WANG Z M, HAO B Z, JIANG L N. Effect of lower nitrogen application on canopy structure and photosynthesis of winter wheat grown under limited irrigation in northern Henan Province. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2019, 39(3): 346-355. (in Chinese)
[21]	ABEDI T, ALEMZADEH A, KAZEMEINI S A. Wheat yield and grain protein response to nitrogen amount and timing. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2011, 5(3): 330-336.
[22]	王西娜, 于金铭, 谭军利, 张佳群, 魏照清, 王朝辉. 宁夏引黄灌区春小麦氮磷钾需求及化肥减施潜力. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4891-4903. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.014.
	WANG X N, YU J M, TAN J L, ZHANG J Q, WEI Z Q, WANG Z H. Requirement of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and potential of reducing fertilizer application of spring wheat in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4891-4903. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.014. (in Chinese)
[23]	黄兴成, 李渝, 白怡婧, 张雅蓉, 刘彦伶, 张文安, 蒋太明. 长期不同施肥下黄壤综合肥力演变及作物产量响应. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(6): 1484-1491.
	HUANG X C, LI Y, BAI Y J, ZHANG Y R, LIU Y L, ZHANG W A, JIANG T M. Evolution of yellow soil fertility under long-term fertilization and response of crop yield. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(6): 1484-1491. (in Chinese)
[24]	马玉诏, 党红凯, 李科江, 郑春莲, 曹彩云, 张俊鹏, 李全起. 咸水灌溉对冬小麦籽粒品质特性和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(4): 1063-1068.
	MA Y Z, DANG H K, LI K J, ZHENG C L, CAO C Y, ZHANG J P, LI Q Q. Effects of brackish water irrigation on grain quality characteristics and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2022, 33(4): 1063-1068. (in Chinese)
[25]	赵犇, 姚霞, 田永超, 刘小军, 曹卫星, 朱艳. 基于上部叶片SPAD值估算小麦氮营养指数. 生态学报, 2013, 33(3): 916-924.
	ZHAO B, YAO X, TIAN Y C, LIU X J, CAO W X, ZHU Y. Estimation of nitrogen nutrient index on SPAD value of top leaves in wheat. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(3): 916-924. (in Chinese)
[26]	董瑞, 吕厚波, 张保军, 张正茂, 陈魏涛, 刘芳亮. 叶面喷施氮肥对小麦SPAD值及产量的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2015, 35(1): 99-104.
	DONG R, LÜ H B, ZHANG B J, ZHANG Z M, CHEN W T, LIU F L. Effect of foliar application of nitrogen fertilizer on SPAD and yield of wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2015, 35(1): 99-104. (in Chinese)
[27]	魏小武, 单世平, 郭照辉, 付祖姣, 程伟, 王玉双, 张敏, 欧阳薇, 易红伟, 伍善东. 化肥减量配施生物有机肥对油菜产量的影响. 湖南农业科学, 2019(4): 37-40.
	WEI X W, SHAN S P, GUO Z H, FU Z J, CHENG W, WANG Y S, ZHANG M, OUYANG W, YI H W, WU S D. Effects of bio-organic fertilizer with reducing application of chemical fertilizer on rape yield. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2019(4): 37-40. (in Chinese)
[28]	吉春容, 李世清, 李生秀. 施肥与品种及其种子大小对冬小麦光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响. 西北植物学报, 2007, 27(12): 2522-2530.
	JI C R, LI S Q, LI S X. Effects of fertilization, variety and seed size on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of winter wheat. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2007, 27(12): 2522-2530. (in Chinese)
[29]	马国成, 尹娟, 李文证. 水肥耦合对马铃薯叶绿素和光合速率的影响. 节水灌溉, 2016(6): 35-40.
	MA G C, YIN J, LI W Z. Effect of water and fertilizer coupling on chlorophyll relative content and photosynthetic rate of potato. Water Saving Irrigation, 2016(6): 35-40. (in Chinese)
[30]	李彦君, 庄丽, 徐红军, 周萍, 穆培源. 水氮耦合对北疆地区春小麦光合特性及产量的影响. 新疆农业科学, 2013, 50(2): 204-213.
	LI Y J, ZHUANG L, XU H J, ZHOU P, MU P Y. Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring wheat in northern Xinjiang. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 50(2): 204-213. (in Chinese)
[31]	姜丽娜, 马静丽, 方保停, 马建辉, 李春喜, 王志敏, 蒿宝珍. 限水减氮对豫北冬小麦产量和植株不同层次器官干物质运转的影响. 作物学报, 2019, 45(6): 957-966.
	JIANG L N, MA J L, FANG B T, MA J H, LI C X, WANG Z M, HAO B Z. Effect of lower water and nitrogen supply on grain yield and dry matter remobilization of organs in different layers of winter wheat plant in northern Henan province. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(6): 957-966. (in Chinese)
[32]	徐晓峰, 焦念元. 氮肥减施对宽幅播种冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响. 核农学报, 2021, 35(4): 953-959.
	XU X F, JIAO N Y. Effects of reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer on yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat with wide-range sowing. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 35(4): 953-959. (in Chinese)
[33]	李传梁, 于振文, 张娟, 张永丽, 石玉. 测墒补灌条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累转运和产量的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2023, 43(8): 1039-1046.
	LI C L, YU Z W, ZHANG J, ZHANG Y L, SHI Y. Effect of nitrogen application rates on dry matter accumulation, transportation and yield of wheat under the conditions of soil moisture measurement and supplementary irrigation. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2023, 43(8): 1039-1046. (in Chinese)
[34]	杨长琴, 张国伟, 刘瑞显, 倪万潮, 张雷, 周关印. 氮肥运筹对麦后直播棉产量与氮素利用的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(12): 1607-1613.
	YANG C Q, ZHANG G W, LIU R X, NI W C, ZHANG L, ZHOU G Y. Effect of nitrogen management on lint yield and nitrogen utilization of field-seeded cotton after barley harvest. Chinese Journal of Eco- Agriculture, 2016, 24(12): 1607-1613. (in Chinese)
[35]	王子胜, 徐敏, 刘瑞显, 吴晓东, 朱鹤, 陈兵林, 周治国. 施氮量对不同熟期棉花品种的生物量和氮素累积的影响. 棉花学报, 2011, 23(6): 537-544.
	WANG Z S, XU M, LIU R X, WU X D, ZHU H, CHEN B L, ZHOU Z G. Effects of nitrogen rates on biomass and nitrogen accumulation of cotton with different varieties in growth duration. Cotton Science, 2011, 23(6): 537-544. (in Chinese)
[36]	邓丽娟, 焦小强. 氮管理对冬小麦产量和品质影响的整合分析. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(11): 2355-2365. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.009.
	DENG L J, JIAO X Q. A meta-analysis of effects of nitrogen management on winter wheat yield and quality. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(11): 2355-2365. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.009. (in Chinese)
[37]	路佳慧, 王爽, 李云, 郭振清, 王健, 韩玉翠, 林小虎. 减量施氮对春小麦不同器官氮肥利用及籽粒品质的影响. 作物杂志, 2024(5): 220-227.
	LU J H, WANG S, LI Y, GUO Z Q, WANG J, HAN Y C, LIN X H. Effects of reduced nitrogen application on nitrogen utilization and grain quality in different organs of spring wheat. Crops, 2024(5): 220-227. (in Chinese)
[38]	王伟, 侯丽丽, 贾永红, 雷荣荣, 刘旭欢, 石书兵. 水分胁迫下施氮量对春小麦旗叶生理特性的影响. 新疆农业科学, 2013, 50(11): 1967-1973.
	WANG W, HOU L L, JIA Y H, LEI R R, LIU X H, SHI S B. Effect of nitrogen application rate on physiological characteristics in flag leaf of spring wheat under water stress. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 50(11): 1967-1973. (in Chinese)
[39]	ACRECHE M M, BRICEÑO-FÉLIX G, MARTÍN SÁNCHEZ J A, SLAFER G A. Radiation interception and use efficiency as affected by breeding in Mediterranean wheat. Field Crops Research, 2009, 110(2): 91-97.
[40]	田纪春, 陈建省, 王延训, 张永祥. 氮素追肥后移对小麦籽粒产量和旗叶光合特性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2001, 34(1): 101-103.
	TIAN J C, CHEN J S, WANG Y X, ZHANG Y X. Effects of delayed-nitrogen application on grain yield and photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaves of wheat cultivars. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2001, 34(1): 101-103. (in Chinese)
[41]	李姗姗, 赵广才, 常旭虹, 刘利华, 杨玉双, 丰明. 追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及其相关生理指标的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2008, 28(3): 461-465.
	LI S S, ZHAO G C, CHANG X H, LIU L H, YANG Y S, FENG M. Effects of nitrogen topdressing stage on quality, yield and other physiological traits in strong gluten wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2008, 28(3): 461-465. (in Chinese)
[42]	郭振清, 付陈陈, 李婧实, 张敏, 张玉春, 李清瑶, 郭双双, 蔡瑞国. 施氮对花后遮光条件下小麦产量与蛋白质含量的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2021, 41(7): 883-890.
	GUO Z Q, FU C C, LI J S, ZHANG M, ZHANG Y C, LI Q Y, GUO S S, CAI R G. Effect of different nitrogen rate on wheat yield and protein content under shading conditions after anthesis. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2021, 41(7): 883-890. (in Chinese)
[43]	巨晓棠, 张翀. 论合理施氮的原则和指标. 土壤学报, 2021, 58(1): 1-13.
	JU X T, ZHANG C. The principles and indicators of rational N fertilization. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2021, 58(1): 1-13. (in Chinese)
[44]	徐龙龙, 殷文, 胡发龙, 范虹, 樊志龙, 赵财, 于爱忠, 柴强. 水氮减量对地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦主要光合生理参数的影响. 作物学报, 2022, 48(2): 437-447.
	XU L L, YIN W, HU F L, FAN H, FAN Z L, ZHAO C, YU A Z, CHAI Q. Effect of water and nitrogen reduction on main photosynthetic physiological parameters of film-mulched maize no-tillage rotation wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(2): 437-447. (in Chinese)
[45]	闫恒辉, 温樱, 王东. 底肥分层条施对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒产量和肥料利用率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 813-821. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.004.
	YAN H H, WEN Y, WANG D. Effects of basal fertilization in strips at different soil depths on flag leaf senescence and photosynthetic characteristics, grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 813-821. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.004. (in Chinese)
[46]	杨婷婷, 闫素辉, Abdul Rehman, 陈娟, 汪建来, 李文阳. 花后弱光对软质小麦籽粒产量与淀粉品质的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2024, 44(11): 1431-1438.
	YANG T T, YAN S H, REHMAN A, CHEN J, WANG J L, LI W Y. Effect of weak light after anthesis on grain yield and starch quality in soft wheat. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2024, 44(11): 1431-1438. (in Chinese)

	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	145.5	181.4	160.6	136.5	146.6
生育期降水量 Growth period precipitation (mm)	74.5	70.1	92.6	126.4	68.9
年均气温 Average annual temperature (℃)	10.9	11.2	11.0	10.7	14.8
生育期平均气温 Average temperature during growth period (℃)	14.3	15.7	19.0	13.5	13.3

施肥方式 Fertilization pattern	处理 Treatment	施肥量 Amount of fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
施肥方式 Fertilization pattern	处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
基肥 Basal fertilizer (60%)	不施肥CK Unfertilized	0	0	0
	常规施肥CF Conventional fertilization	162	150	75
	减肥上限RF1 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	108	45	30
	减肥下限RF2 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	135	75	45
追肥 Top dressing (40%)	不施肥CK Unfertilized	0	0	0
	常规施肥CF Conventional fertilization	108	0	0
	减肥上限RF1 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	72	0	0
	减肥下限RF2 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	90	0	0

年份 Year	播种时间Sowing time	播种量 Seeding rate (kg·hm^-2)	宽窄行 Wide and narrow row (cm)	播深 Sowing depth (cm)	播种方式 Sowing method	除草时间 Weeding time	除草剂 Herbicide	除虫时间 Deworming time	除虫剂 Insecticide
2021	3月3日 March 3	375.0	16×12	3-5	机械条播 Drilling	4月21日 April 21	唑草酮 Carfentrazone-ethyl 苯磺隆 Tribenuron-methyl	6月10日 June 10	联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid
2022	3月6日 March 6	337.5	16×11	3-5	机械条播 Drilling	4月10日 April 10 5月10日 May 10	麦草畏 Dicamba 2,4-D异辛酯 2,4-D isooctyl ester 二甲溴苯腈 Bromoxynil octanoate	6月11日 June 11	氟啶٠吡蚜酮 Flonicamid and pymetrozine mixture 联菊٠啶虫脒 Bifenthrin and acetamiprid mixture
2023	3月1日 March 1	375.0	16×12	3-5	机械条播 Drilling	4月9日 April 9 5月11日 May 11	麦草畏 Dicamba 2,4-D异辛酯 2,4-D isooctyl ester 二甲溴苯腈 Bromoxynil octanoate	6月11日 June 11	氟啶٠吡蚜酮 Flonicamid and pymetrozine mixture 联菊٠啶虫脒 Bifenthrin and acetamiprid mixture

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	净光合速率 Pn (μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Gs (mmolH₂O·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmolCO₂·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmolH₂O·m^-2·s^-1)
2021	不施肥 Unfertilized	3.45±0.62b	0.09±0.03b	258.31±17.76a	3.39±0.95b
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	10.16±1.20a	0.33±0.08ab	298.69±18.83a	9.04±1.70a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	12.05±0.82a	0.21±0.02a	270.10±10.72a	7.79±0.25a
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	13.19±0.93a	0.35±0.02a	296.84±6.20a	9.53±0.27a
2022	不施肥 Unfertilized	4.79±0.14c	0.13±0.04b	289.45±4.61b	10.97±2.53b
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	10.78±0.25ab	0.25±0.03a	321.85±8.20a	16.19±0.28a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	10.32±0.32b	0.23±0.01a	297.83±5.16b	15.18±0.98ab
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	11.83±0.75a	0.31±0.02a	327.41±3.74a	17.59±0.36a
2023	不施肥 Unfertilized	5.46±0.17c	0.13±0.01c	233.34±4.20b	6.20±0.73c
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	9.76±0.32b	0.29±0.02a	258.62±9.69a	10.11±0.95ab
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	9.65±0.18b	0.23±0.01b	241.47±7.07ab	8.31±0.60bc
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	12.20±0.19a	0.31±0.01a	255.07±3.21ab	11.79±0.34a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	粗蛋白质 Crude protein (%)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	淀粉 Starch (%)	籽粒蛋白产量 Grain protein yield (kg·hm^-2)
2021	不施肥 Unfertilized	8.78±0.18d	5.01±0.09a	65.61±2.32a	297.3±1.35c
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	14.40±0.20b	4.55±0.27a	62.92±3.17a	918.23±48.12a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	11.51±0.15c	4.59±0.21a	66.95±0.68a	626.02±22.72b
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	15.31±0.10a	4.59±0.22a	65.08±0.84a	1015.21±36.81a
2022	不施肥 Unfertilized	7.93±1.67b	4.54±0.04b	62.81±2.09a	227.83±49.72b
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	13.70±0.50a	4.92±0.10ab	66.03±1.33a	616.54±56.08a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	12.77±1.46a	4.69±0.21ab	63.79±3.38a	548.06±41.49ab
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	15.67±0.37a	5.01±0.05a	66.60±2.17a	845.24±181.84a
2023	不施肥 Unfertilized	7.23±1.46c	4.44±0.07c	59.45±6.94a	267.09±13.68c
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	14.89±0.80ab	5.00±0.08ab	62.34±7.05a	1005.66±84.59a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	11.41±1.55b	4.72±0.15bc	63.32±2.70a	724.96±93.51b
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	16.70±0.93a	5.07±0.07a	65.19±7.00a	1140.81±92.12a