长期秸秆还田条件下化肥减量对稻稻油轮作系统作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (16): 3267-3279.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.010

• 专题：稻油轮作周年养分管理 • 上一篇下一篇

长期秸秆还田条件下化肥减量对稻稻油轮作系统作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

霍润霞¹(), 方娅婷¹, 张艳科¹, 吴海亚², 刘桂生², 李小坤¹, 任涛¹, 陆志峰¹, 丛日环¹^,^*(), 鲁剑巍¹

¹ 华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室/华中农业大学微量元素研究中心，武汉 430070
² 湖北省武穴市农业农村局，湖北黄冈 435401

收稿日期:2025-04-14 接受日期:2025-06-12 出版日期:2025-08-11 发布日期:2025-08-11
通信作者:
丛日环，E-mail：congrh@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
联系方式: 霍润霞，E-mail：huorunxia@webmail.hzau.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1901100); 国家油菜产业技术体系(CARS-12); 湖北省现代农业产业技术体系水稻产业技术体系(2023HBSTX4-01); 中央高校基本科研业务费(2662024PY017)

Effects of Fertilizer Reduction on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility Under Long-Term Straw-Return Conditions in Rice-Rice-Rapeseed Rotations

HUO RunXia¹(), FANG YaTing¹, ZHANG YanKe¹, WU HaiYa², LIU GuiSheng², LI XiaoKun¹, REN Tao¹, LU ZhiFeng¹, CONG RiHuan¹^,^*(), LU JianWei¹

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
² Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxue City, Huanggang 435401, Hubei

Received:2025-04-14 Accepted:2025-06-12 Published:2025-08-11 Online:2025-08-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确长期秸秆还田对稻稻油轮作作物产量和土壤肥力的影响，为稻稻油轮作秸秆资源高效利用与化肥减量技术提供科学依据。【方法】从2007年早稻开始至2022年，进行连续15年的稻稻油三熟制秸秆还田定位试验，试验设置常规施肥+秸秆不还田（100%F）、常规施肥+秸秆还田（100%F+St）和化肥减量20%+秸秆还田（80%F+St）3个处理，分析作物产量、氮磷钾养分积累量与土壤理化性质，评估稻稻油轮作周年养分表观平衡与土壤综合肥力指数。【结果】长期秸秆还田提高了稻稻油轮作作物产量、产量稳定性与可持续性，其中油菜季产量增幅最为显著。与2007—2010年相比，100%F+St处理2019—2022年晚稻、油菜的平均产量分别增加28.9%、58.7%。与100%F处理相比，100%F+St处理早稻、晚稻与油菜产量分别平均增加7.2%、6.9%、13.4%，其中2019—2022年晚稻季100%F+St处理产量稳定性与可持续性平均增加23.6%、12.5%。连续4年秸秆还田配合化肥减量20%（80%F+St）后，早稻、晚稻、油菜产量均维持稳定或高于常规施肥。与100%F处理相比，2019—2022年80%F+St处理的早稻、晚稻分别增产5.3%、3.1%。100%F+St处理提升了作物氮磷钾养分积累量与周年养分盈余，80%F+St与100%F+St处理相比，轮作周年氮磷钾盈余分别减少54.0 kg N·hm^-2、13.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2、48.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2。分析长期秸秆还田后油菜季和水稻季土壤综合肥力指数（IFI）发现，100%F+St处理在油菜季、水稻季IFI分别为1.44、1.51，较100%F处理分别显著提高6.4%、4.3%。油菜季IFI增幅高于水稻季。与100%F处理相比，80%F+St处理在水稻季、油菜季均无显著差异，土壤IFI分别为1.29、1.45。100%F+St处理IFI提高主要依赖于油菜季有机质、全氮、速效钾含量分别提升22.8%、20.5%、13.7%，水稻季有机质、全氮、有效磷含量分别提升14.1%、1.7%、19.0%。【结论】长期秸秆还田可提高稻稻油轮作作物产量、氮磷钾养分积累量及土壤综合肥力指数，且随着还田年限的增加，作物产量稳定性与可持续性提高。秸秆还田配合化肥减量20%能有效保障作物产量与养分积累量维持或高于常规施肥水平，且水稻季产量的可持续性与稳定性高于油菜季。因此在水稻季化肥减量20%能够保障稻稻油轮作体系的稳产高效。

关键词: 稻稻油轮作, 秸秆还田, 化肥减量, 产量, 养分平衡, 土壤综合肥力

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the effects of long-term straw return on crop yield and soil fertility in rice-rice- rapeseed rotation, so as to provide a scientific basis for the efficient use of straw resources and fertilizer replacement and reduction technology in rice-rice-rapeseed rotation system.【Method】In this study, a positioning experiment on straw return in rice-rice- rapeseed triple cropping system were selected, which was carried out for 15 consecutive years from 2007 to 2022, and set up three treatments of conventional fertilizer application + straw not returned to the field (100%F), conventional fertilizer application + straw returned to the field (100%F+St), and fertilizer reduction of 20% + straw returned to the field (80%F+St). The effects of different fertilizer applications on crop yields, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient accumulation and soil physico-chemical properties were investigated. Nutrient accumulation and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed to assess the annual nutrient apparent balance and soil comprehensive fertility index of rice-rice-rapeseed rotation. 【Result】The long-term straw return increased crop yield, yield stability and sustainability of the rice-rice-rapeseed rotation system, with the most significant increase in the rapeseed season. Compared with 2007-2010, the late rice and rapeseed average yields under the 100%F+St treatment in 2019-2022 increased by 28.9% and 58.7%, respectively. Compared with 100%F treatment, early rice, late rice, and rapeseed yields under 100%F+St treatment increased by an average of 7.2%, 6.9%, and 13.4%, respectively, and with an average increase in yield stability and sustainability under 100% F+St treatment of 23.6% and 12.5% in the 2019-2022 late rice season. After four consecutive years of straw return in combination with 20% fertilizer reduction, early rice, late rice, and rapeseed yields remained stable or higher than conventional fertilization. Compared with the 100%F treatment, the yields of early rice, late rice, and rapeseed under the 80%F+St treatmentincreased by 5.3%, 3.1%, and 0.8%, respectively, from 2019 to 2022. Long-term straw return (100%F+St) enhanced crop NPK nutrient accumulation and annual nutrient surpluses, and the 20% fertilizer reduction + straw return (80%F+St) treatment reduced the annual NPK surpluses of the rotation by 54.0 kg N·hm^-2, 13.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and 48.6 kg K₂O·hm^-2. Analysis of the integrated soil fertility index (IFI) of the rapeseed season and the rice season following the long-term straw return revealed that the IFI of 100%F+St treatment was 1.44 and 1.51 in rapeseed season and rice season, respectively, which was significantly increased by 6.4% and 4.3% compared with 100%F treatment, respectively. The increase in IFI was higher in the rapeseed season than in the rice season. Compared with 100%F treatment, 80%F+St treatment had no significant difference in rice season and rapeseed season, with soil IFI values of 1.29 and 1.45, respectively. The increase of IFI under 100%F+St treatment mainly depended on the increase of organic matter, total nitrogen, and available potassium content by 22.8%, 20.5%, and 13.7% in rapeseed season, and the increase of organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus content by 14.1%, 1.7%, and 4.3% in rice season, respectively.【Conclusion】In conclusion, long-term straw return to the field could improve crop yield, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O nutrient accumulation and comprehensive soil fertility index of rice-rice-rapeseed rotation system, and with the increase of the time period of returning to the field, the stability and sustainability of crop yield increased. Based on the straw return condition with 20% fertilizer reduction, crop yield and nutrient accumulation could be effectively guaranteed to be maintained or higher than the conventional fertilization level, and the sustainability and stability of yield in rice season was higher than that in rapeseed season. Therefore, a 20% reduction of chemical fertilizer in the rice season could guarantee the stable yield and high efficiency of the rice-rice-rapeseed rotation system.

Key words: rice-rice-rapeseed rotation, straw return, fertilizer reduction, yield, nutrient balance, comprehensive soil fertility

霍润霞, 方娅婷, 张艳科, 吴海亚, 刘桂生, 李小坤, 任涛, 陆志峰, 丛日环, 鲁剑巍. 长期秸秆还田条件下化肥减量对稻稻油轮作系统作物产量和土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(16): 3267-3279.

HUO RunXia, FANG YaTing, ZHANG YanKe, WU HaiYa, LIU GuiSheng, LI XiaoKun, REN Tao, LU ZhiFeng, CONG RiHuan, LU JianWei. Effects of Fertilizer Reduction on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility Under Long-Term Straw-Return Conditions in Rice-Rice-Rapeseed Rotations[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(16): 3267-3279.

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种植季节 Planting season	处理 Treatment	氮投入 Nitrogen input (kg N·hm^-2)		磷投入 Phosphorus input (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)		钾投入 Potassium input (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
种植季节 Planting season	处理 Treatment	化肥 CF	秸秆 St	化肥 CF	秸秆 St	化肥 CF	秸秆 St
早稻季 Early rice season	100%F	150	0	60	0	135	0
	100%F+St	150	42	60	10	135	123
	80%F+St	120	40	48	10	108	129
晚稻季 Late rice season	100%F	150	0	45	0	150	0
	100%F+St	150	78	45	15	150	160
	80%F+St	120	71	36	11	120	147
油菜季 Rapeseed season	100%F	210	0	75	0	150	0
	100%F+St	210	78	75	11	150	165
	80%F+St	168	77	60	8	120	147

指标 Index	等级 Grade
指标 Index	x_a	x_b	x_c
pH	4.50	6.50	8.50
有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	10.00	20.00	30.00
全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	0.75	1.50	2.00
有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	3.00	10.00	20.00
速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	40.00	100.00	150.00

种植季节 Planting season	处理 Treatment	2007—2010		2011—2014		2015—2018		2019—2022
种植季节 Planting season	处理 Treatment	产量稳定性指数 Yield stability index (%)	产量可持续性指数 Sustainable yield index	产量稳定性指数 Yield stability index (%)	产量可持续性指数 Sustainable yield index	产量稳定性指数 Yield stability index (%)	产量可持续性指数 Sustainable yield index	产量稳定性指数 Yield stability index (%)	产量可持续性指数 Sustainable yield index
早稻季 Early rice season	100%F	11.9aA	0.755bA	10.6aA	0.813aA	4.5aC	0.897aA	4.1aB	0.923aA
	100%F+St	6.0bA	0.883aA	10.5aA	0.794aAB	5.9aAB	0.868aA	4.3aB	0.912aA
	80%F+St	12.6aA	0.742bB	11.5aA	0.788aA	5.0aB	0.889aA	3.9aC	0.919aA
晚稻季 Late rice season	100%F	6.4aA	0.882aA	8.4aA	0.845bA	7.6aB	0.837bB	5.5aAB	0.894bAB
	100%F+St	8.7aA	0.841aA	6.3bB	0.876aA	4.9bB	0.907aA	4.2aB	0.916aA
	80%F+St	6.2aB	0.879aA	8.8aA	0.833bA	7.1abB	0.849bAB	6.4aB	0.874bB
油菜季 Rapeseed season	100%F	7.3aA	0.858aA	10.5bA	0.827aA	12.6aA	0.748aC	8.4bA	0.836aB
	100%F+St	8.0aA	0.838aA	13.7bA	0.746bB	12.8aA	0.765aA	11.1aA	0.809aB
	80%F+St	7.1aB	0.869aA	15.2aA	0.730bA	11.7aA	0.790aB	8.6bA	0.825aC

种植季节 Planting season	处理 Treatment	氮 Nitrogen (kg N·hm^-2)			磷 Phosphorus (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)			钾 Potassium (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
种植季节 Planting season	处理 Treatment	投入 Input	支出 Output	平衡 Balance	投入 Input	支出 Output	平衡 Balance	投入 Input	支出 Output	平衡 Balance
早稻季 Early rice season	100%F	150.0	115.1	34.9	60.0	59.0	1.0	135.0	130.3	4.7
	100%F+St	191.5	143.6	47.9	69.7	69.6	0.1	257.5	168.3	89.2
	80%F+St	159.8	139.3	20.5	57.9	58.5	-0.6	236.9	154.9	82.0
晚稻季 Late rice season	100%F	150.0	138.7	11.3	60.0	65.5	-5.5	135.0	169.0	-34.0
	100%F+St	227.9	202.6	25.3	74.5	76.8	-2.3	295.1	235.6	59.5
	80%F+St	190.7	184.6	6.1	59.0	59.1	-0.1	255.3	199.2	56.1
油菜季 Rapeseed season	100%F	210.0	108.3	101.7	75.0	40.8	34.2	150.0	81.4	68.6
	100%F+St	287.8	121.2	166.6	85.5	48.8	36.7	315.1	122.9	192.2
	80%F+St	244.8	85.5	159.3	67.5	45.9	21.6	266.7	112.4	154.3
轮作周年 Annual rotation	100%F	510.0	362.1	147.9	195.0	165.3	29.7	420.0	380.7	39.3
	100%F+St	707.2	467.4	239.9	229.7	195.2	34.5	867.7	526.8	341.0
	80%F+St	575.3	409.4	185.9	184.4	163.3	20.8	758.9	466.5	292.4

长期秸秆还田条件下化肥减量对稻稻油轮作系统作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

Effects of Fertilizer Reduction on Crop Yield and Soil Fertility Under Long-Term Straw-Return Conditions in Rice-Rice-Rapeseed Rotations

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