长期秸秆还田对砂姜黑土团聚体结构及磷组分分布的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.03.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (3): 575-588.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.03.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期秸秆还田对砂姜黑土团聚体结构及磷组分分布的影响

刘梦阳¹(), 刘洁¹, 陈翔², 王擎运¹, 罗来超¹, 齐永波¹, 田达¹, 李金才², 柴如山¹()

¹ 安徽农业大学资源与环境学院/农田生态保育与养分资源高效利用安徽省重点实验室/安徽省绿色磷肥智能制造与高效利用工程研究中心，合肥 230036
² 安徽农业大学农学院/农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测站，合肥 230036

收稿日期:2025-03-24 接受日期:2025-06-04 出版日期:2026-02-01 发布日期:2026-01-31
通信作者:
柴如山，E-mail：rschai@ahau.edu.cn
联系方式: 刘梦阳，E-mail：18726694101@163.com。
基金资助:
安徽省重点研究与开发计划(2023n06020056); 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1901001); 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1901002)

Effects of Long-Term Straw Return on Distribution of Aggregates and Phosphorus Fractions in Shajiang Black Soil

LIU MengYang¹(), LIU Jie¹, CHEN Xiang², WANG QingYun¹, LUO LaiChao¹, QI YongBo¹, TIAN Da¹, LI JinCai², CHAI RuShan¹()

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University/Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Nutrient Utilization/Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, Hefei 230036
² School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University/East China Crop Cultivation Scientific Observation Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei 230036

Received:2025-03-24 Accepted:2025-06-04 Published:2026-02-01 Online:2026-01-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究小麦玉米秸秆还田对砂姜黑土团聚体粒级分布及团聚体磷组分的调控作用，以期为土壤结构改良和磷素活化提供理论支撑。【方法】依托安徽省蒙城县始于2008年的小麦玉米秸秆还田长期定位试验，设置4个处理：常规施肥（F）、常规施肥+小麦秸秆单季还田（FWS）、常规施肥+玉米秸秆单季还田（FMS）、常规施肥+小麦玉米秸秆双季还田（FWMS），于2023年小麦成熟期采集0—20 cm耕层土样测定土壤团聚体组成及各粒级团聚体磷组分含量，解析小麦玉米秸秆还田对砂姜黑土团聚体磷素形态分布、磷活化度和有效磷贡献率的影响。【结果】与F处理相比，FWS、FMS、FWMS处理的>2 mm团聚体占比分别显著增加了35.9%、30.6%和39.1%，0.25—2 mm和0.053—0.25 mm团聚体的占比显著下降。小麦玉米秸秆还田可显著提升砂姜黑土的水稳性团聚体平均重量直径，显著降低土壤团聚体破坏率。秸秆还田条件下砂姜黑土的全磷和有效磷含量分别显著提高6.5%—26.0%和21.1%—37.6%。秸秆还田处理能够显著增加砂姜黑土中的活性磷组分NaHCO₃-Pi和中活性磷组分NaOH-Po含量，增幅分别达到17.1%—51.3%和19.5%—46.2%。从土壤团聚体角度来看，与F处理相比，小麦玉米秸秆还田处理下0.25—2 mm团聚体的有效磷含量和磷活化度分别显著提升39.3%—63.9%和37.5%—51.7%。FWS、FMS和FWMS处理的>2 mm团聚体有效磷贡献率较F处理分别显著增加19.0%、17.3%和22.3%，秸秆还田使砂姜黑土微团聚体（0.053—0.25 mm）和粉黏粒组分（<0.053 mm）的有效磷贡献率显著下降。砂姜黑土0.25—2 mm团聚体的活性磷组分（H₂O-P、NaHCO₃-Po）和中活性磷组分（NaOH-Po）含量在小麦玉米秸秆还田条件下有所增加。【结论】小麦玉米秸秆还田是改善砂姜黑土团聚体粒级组成与稳定性、提升土壤供磷能力的有效措施。

关键词: 砂姜黑土, 秸秆还田, 团聚体, 磷形态, 磷有效性

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide the theoretical support for soil structure improvement and phosphorus activation of Shajiang black soil, the regulatory effects of wheat and maize straw return on aggregate size distribution and phosphorus fractions of soil aggregates were investigated. 【Method】This study was based on a long-term straw return experiment (since 2008) conducted in Mengcheng County, Anhui Province. The experimental design included four treatments: conventional fertilization (F), conventional fertilization plus wheat straw return (FWS), conventional fertilization plus maize straw return (FMS), and conventional fertilization plus wheat and maize straw return (FWMS). Soil samples of cultivated layers (0-20 cm) were collected at wheat maturity stage in 2023 to determine the composition of soil aggregates and the content of phosphorus fractions in different particle-size aggregates. The effects of wheat and maize straw return on the distribution of phosphorus fractions in soil aggregates, the phosphorus activation rates of different size aggregates and their contribution rates to soil available phosphorus were analyzed. 【Result】Compared with the F treatment, the proportions of >2 mm aggregates in Shajiang black soil under FWS, FMS and FWMS treatments were significantly increased by 35.9%, 30.6% and 39.1%, respectively, while the proportions of 0.25-2 mm aggregates and microaggregates (0.053-0.25 mm) were significantly decreased. Wheat and maize straw incorporation significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates and decreased the percentage of aggregate disruption (PAD). Under the condition of straw return, the contents of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus were significantly increased by 6.5%-26.0% and 21.1%-37.6%, respectively. Wheat and maize straw return could significantly elevate the contents of labile phosphorus fraction NaHCO₃-Pi (17.1%-51.3%) and moderate labile phosphorus fraction NaOH-Po (19.5%-46.2%) in Shajiang black soil. Compared with the F treatment, the soil available phosphorus contents and phosphorus activation rates of 0.25-2 mm aggregates under the straw return treatments were significantly increased by 39.3%-63.9% and 37.5%-51.7%, respectively. The relative contribution rates of >2 mm aggregates to soil available phosphorus under FWS, FMS and FWMS treatments were significantly increased by 19.0%, 17.3% and 22.3%, respectively, compared with the F treatment. However, straw incorporation significantly reduced the relative contribution rates of microaggregates (0.053-0.25 mm) and silt and clay particles (<0.053 mm) to soil available phosphorus. The contents of labile phosphorus (H₂O-P, NaHCO₃-Po) and moderate labile phosphorus (NaOH-Po) in 0.25-2 mm aggregates were increased under straw return. 【Conclusion】Wheat and maize straw return was an effective measure to improve the composition and stability of soil aggregates in Shajiang black soil, and could enhance the soil phosphorus supply capacity.

Key words: Shajiang black soil, straw return, aggregates, phosphorus fraction, phosphorus availability

刘梦阳, 刘洁, 陈翔, 王擎运, 罗来超, 齐永波, 田达, 李金才, 柴如山. 长期秸秆还田对砂姜黑土团聚体结构及磷组分分布的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(3): 575-588.

LIU MengYang, LIU Jie, CHEN Xiang, WANG QingYun, LUO LaiChao, QI YongBo, TIAN Da, LI JinCai, CHAI RuShan. Effects of Long-Term Straw Return on Distribution of Aggregates and Phosphorus Fractions in Shajiang Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(3): 575-588.

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处理 Treatment	干筛Dry sieving		湿筛Wet sieving		破坏率 PAD (%)
处理 Treatment	R_0.25 (%)	MWD (mm)	R_0.25 (%)	MWD (mm)	破坏率 PAD (%)
F	96.7±0.5a	4.35±0.03b	84.5±0.7c	2.78±0.06b	12.7±0.4a
FWS	96.9±0.4a	4.77±0.01a	92.0±0.1a	3.70±0.07a	5.1±0.4c
FMS	96.9±0.5a	4.64±0.11a	87.5±0.3b	3.63±0.08a	9.7±0.7b
FWMS	96.0±0.2a	4.41±0.01b	93.1±0.4a	3.89±0.13a	3.0±0.2d

处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	磷活化系数 PAC (%)
F	5.09±0.03a	32.3±1.1c	1.22±0.02b	0.54±0.01d	38.0±0.8c	7.1±0.2c
FWS	5.11±0.05a	37.1±0.9b	1.39±0.02a	0.61±0.01b	46.1±0.8b	7.6±0.2bc
FMS	5.06±0.04a	34.6±1.0bc	1.38±0.02a	0.57±0.01c	49.7±1.5ab	8.6±0.2a
FWMS	5.03±0.04a	41.2±0.8a	1.39±0.04a	0.68±0.02a	52.3±1.6a	7.7±0.2bc

处理 Treatment	H₂O-P	NaHCO₃-Pi	NaHCO₃-Po	NaOH-Pi	NaOH-Po	D.HCl-Pi	Residual-P
F	23.4±2.3b	40.3±0.7c	49.8±3.3b	73.6±2.2c	83.8±2.7c	122.3±1.2b	186.7±1.2a
FWS	27.4±2.8b	47.7±2.3b	48.1±1.1b	92.1±3.9b	112.6±2.7ab	124.7±3.9b	191.8±6.6a
FMS	22.1±2.7b	47.2±1.2b	51.1±5.3b	78.5±2.7c	100.2±7.2b	126.5±1.5ab	188.0±2.3a
FWMS	43.2±0.8a	60.9±3.4a	85.4±3.2a	108.1±1.2a	122.6±2.9a	134.8±4.3a	192.9±4.4a

团聚体粒级 Aggregate size	处理 Treatment	H₂O-P	NaHCO₃-Pi	NaHCO₃-Po	NaOH-Pi	NaOH-Po	D.HCl-Pi	Residual-P
>2 mm	F	26.2±4.1b	59.4±5.3a	69.4±4.3b	82.7±2.9b	87.0±3.3b	66.8±4.6a	165.3±7.6a
	FWS	27.6±2.7ab	70.2±3.5a	88.3±4.3a	100.3±4.8ab	102.7±3.8b	74.2±4.3a	162.7±3.8a
	FMS	23.2±3.0b	63.2±3.4a	80.3±3.7ab	84.2±2.6b	103.2±5.8b	72.5±5.4a	162.0±1.3a
	FWMS	38.0±3.5a	58.4±5.1a	81.0±2.7ab	109.4±9.9a	127.0±8.5a	63.9±4.1a	155.8±3.4a
0.25-2 mm	F	21.0±2.7b	66.0±6.5a	45.9±3.4c	91.7±10.5a	83.3±10.8b	92.7±9.6b	173.3±2.0a
	FWS	32.4±4.7a	64.2±3.4a	61.5±2.7bc	99.7±8.5a	130.5±9.5a	117.2±2.4a	149.2±3.2b
	FMS	29.7±3.4ab	66.4±5.4a	77.1±5.2ab	100.1±4.2a	106.2±3.5ab	87.0±3.6b	158.8±2.5ab
	FWMS	33.1±0.7a	77.5±4.1a	92.5±8.5a	101.8±5.9a	114.8±7.8a	97.5±3.5b	158.7±12.2ab
0.053-0.25 mm	F	27.0±2.3a	52.9±2.8b	56.5±2.9b	113.5±0.8a	133.9±2.0ab	82.3±4.1b	140.8±1.7a
	FWS	16.6±1.9b	54.5±1.6ab	53.1±1.6b	81.8±3.5b	145.5±6.8a	73.3±5.9b	145.0±2.6a
	FMS	24.2±2.6ab	45.9±4.0b	66.0±0.5a	88.3±4.9b	123.3±1.9b	109.8±5.2a	136.3±9.5a
	FWMS	31.2±3.4a	62.1±0.5a	57.9±2.0b	118.1±3.6a	136.4±1.2a	86.8±5.8b	153.0±5.5a
<0.053 mm	F	6.2±1.7b	37.1±3.2b	71.5±2.7a	118.9±1.9a	98.0±4.6c	126.3±5.5ab	130.0±5.5a
	FWS	8.0±0.7ab	40.4±2.1b	55.5±1.6b	57.9±4.3d	137.3±1.2a	114.9±5.7b	123.8±8.7a
	FMS	13.4±2.1a	58.9±4.8a	53.3±2.2b	71.9±2.2c	110.2±4.6bc	134.2±4.8a	137.3±6.3a
	FWMS	12.7±1.5a	67.5±4.1a	52.7±4.8b	93.0±3.5b	116.3±4.7b	130.7±4.4ab	123.2±4.0a

磷组分 Phosphorus fraction	H₂O-P	NaHCO₃-Pi	NaHCO₃-Po	NaOH-Pi	NaOH-Po	D.HCl-Pi	有效磷 AP
H₂O-P							0.52**
NaHCO₃-Pi	0.60**						0.64**
NaHCO₃-Po	0.67**	0.54**					0.66**
NaOH-Pi	0.84**	0.65**	0.69**				0.58**
NaOH-Po	0.49*	0.71**	0.44*	0.66**			0.44*
D.HCl-Pi	0.50*	0.32	0.28	0.40	0.40		0.19
Residual-P	0.08	0.38	0.28	0.23	0.39	-0.21	0.24

长期秸秆还田对砂姜黑土团聚体结构及磷组分分布的影响

Effects of Long-Term Straw Return on Distribution of Aggregates and Phosphorus Fractions in Shajiang Black Soil

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磷组分 Phosphorus fraction	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient
磷组分 Phosphorus fraction	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	H₂O-P	NaHCO₃-Pi	NaHCO₃-Po	NaOH-Pi	NaOH-Po	D.HCl-Pi	Residual-P
H₂O-P	0.12		0.07	0.08	0.10	0.06	0.06	0.01
NaHCO₃-Pi	0.47	0.28		0.25	0.30	0.33	0.15	0.18
NaHCO₃-Po	0.44	0.30	0.24		0.30	0.19	0.12	0.12
NaOH-Pi	0.18	0.15	0.12	0.12		0.12	0.07	0.04
NaOH-Po	-0.08	-0.04	-0.06	-0.04	-0.05		-0.03	-0.03
D.HCl-Pi	-0.08	-0.04	-0.03	-0.02	-0.03	-0.03		0.02
Residual-P	-0.08	-0.01	-0.03	-0.02	-0.02	-0.03	0.02

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