不同有机物料配施化肥对土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 探究不同有机物料配施化肥对中低产田作物产量和农田土壤肥力的影响，为选择最佳的有机培肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】 以黄土高原中低产田为研究对象，于2022和2023年，连续两年进行玉米田间试验。设置秸秆还田配施化肥（SF）、生物炭配施化肥（B）、有机肥配施化肥（M）和生物有机肥配施化肥（EM）4个处理，以单施化肥（F）为对照，通过测定不同处理的玉米产量和土壤物理、化学和生物指标，采用相关性分析和主成分分析等方法建立评价指标最小数据集，并利用模糊数学法对土壤肥力进行评价。【结果】 与F处理相比，SF和B处理土壤水稳性大团聚体（R_>0.25）百分比显著提高了19.8%和17.8%，<0.053 mm团聚体百分比显著降低了17.2%和14.0%，土壤水分显著提高了7.6%和13.0%。M和EM处理同样提高了土壤水稳性大团聚体和表层土壤水分，但差异不显著。有机物料配施化肥提高了土壤团聚体的几何平均直径和平均重量直径，其中SF处理显著高于F处理，但与B、M处理差异不显著。与F处理相比，不同有机物料处理土壤有机质和土壤有效磷含量分别显著提高了16.1%—28.5%和23.1%—195.4%；SF处理的可溶性有机碳和M处理的可溶性有机氮含量增加最显著。EM处理的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量磷含量和M处理的微生物量氮含量最高，分别较F处理显著增加了36.9%、216.4%和63.3%。与F处理相比，SF、M、EM处理的土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性分别显著提高了13.3%—57.0%、21.4%—22.0%和24.3%—35.1%，B处理的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著增加，但N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性增加不显著；土壤总体酶活性（TEI）表现为EM>M>SF>B>F处理，其中EM处理显著高于SF、B和F处理。化肥配施有机物料通过改善土壤团聚体结构、提升土壤有机质及养分含量、增强土壤酶活性，从而提高了土壤肥力指数（IFI），提升幅度在0.6%—36.9%，其中EM、M和B处理增加显著。试验两年化肥配施有机肥和生物有机肥玉米产量较单施化肥显著提高了13.4%—18.5%，且显著高于秸秆配施化肥处理。【结论】 有机物料配施化肥能够改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力，从而增加玉米产量，其中有机肥和生物有机肥配施化肥的效果最好。

关键词: 有机物料, 玉米产量, 土壤微生物量, 土壤酶活性, 土壤肥力

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the effects of different organic amendments combined with chemical fertilizers on maize yield and soil fertility in medium and low yield fields, so as to provide a scientific basis for selecting the best organic fertilization measure. 【Method】 The study focused on medium and low yield fields in Loess Plateau, conducting maize field trials in 2022 and 2023 for two consecutive years. Four organic amendment agent treatments were set up: straw return combined with chemical fertilizer (SF), biochar combined with chemical fertilizer (B), organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer (M), and biological organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer (EM), with chemical fertilizer alone (F) as the control. By measuring maize grain yield and various soil physical, chemical and biological indicators under different treatments, correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to establish the minimum dataset for evaluation indicators. Fuzzy mathematics was then applied to assess soil fertility. 【Result】 Compared with F treatment, the percentage of soil water-stable macroaggregates (R_>0.25) significantly increased by 19.8% and 17.8% under SF and B treatment, respectively, while the percentage of soil aggregates <0.053 mm (R_<0.053) significantly decreased by 17.2% and 14.0%; soil moisture content significantly increased by 7.6% and 13.0%, respectively. The M and EM treatments similarly improved the percentage of soil water-stable macroaggregates and surface soil moisture, but the differences were not significant. The application of organic amendments combined with fertilizers improved the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates, with SF treatment showing a significant increase compared with F treatment, but no significant differences were observed under B and M treatments. Compared with the F treatment, different organic amendment treatments significantly increased soil organic matter content by 16.1%-28.5% and available phosphorus content by 23.1%-195.4%. The DOC under SF treatment and the DON under M treatment showed the most significant increases. The MBC and MBP under EM treatment and the MBN under M treatment were the highest, significantly increasing by 36.9%, 216.4% and 63.3% than that under F treatment, respectively. Compared with the F treatment, the activities of β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase under SF, M and EM treatment increased by 13.3%-57.0%, 21.4%-22.0% and 24.3%-35.1%, respectively. While B treatment showed a significant increase in β-glucosidase activity, but not in N-acetyl-glucosidase and leucine aminopeptidase activity. The soil total enzyme activity index (TEI) ranked as EM>M>SF>B>F treatment, with the EM treatment significantly higher than SF, B and F treatment. The application of organic amendments enhanced soil aggregate structure, increased soil organic matter and nutrient content, and boosted soil enzyme activity, thereby improving soil IFI, with increases ranging from 0.6% to 36.9%, where EM, M and B treatments showed significant increases. Over the two-year trials period, the maize yield was increased significantly by 13.4%-18.5% with the application of organic and biological organic fertilizers compared with F treatment, and the maize yields under these treatments were significantly higher than that under SF treatment. 【Conclusion】 The application of organic amendments combined with chemical fertilizers improved the quality of soil fertility and increased the yield of maize, with M and EM treatment being the most effective.

Key words: organic materials, maize yield, soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activity, soil fertility

吴文琪, 焦阳, 惠家祯, 王绪锋, 郭博森, 沈玉芳. 不同有机物料配施化肥对土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(23): 4966-4978.

WU WenQi, JIAO Yang, XI JiaZhen, WANG XuFeng, GUO BoSen, SHEN YuFang. Effects of Different Organic Materials Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Fertility and Maize Grain Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4966-4978.

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有机物料 Organic material	含碳量 Carbon content (%)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (%)	全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (%)
玉米秸秆 Maize straw	40.3	0.8	0.2
生物炭 Biochar	59.2	0.8	0.1
牛粪有机肥 Manure organic fertilizer	25.8	1.3	0.3
生物有机肥Biological organic fertilizer	23.2	1.1	1.2

处理 Treatment	容重 BD (g·cm^-3)	总孔隙度 SP (%)	土壤水分 SWC (%)	>0.25 mm团聚体百分比 R_>0.25(%)	<0.053团聚体百分比 R_<0.053 (%)
F	1.35±0.08a	49.14±2.95a	18.45±0.36c	36.68±3.20b	46.86±1.34a
SF	1.35±0.07a	49.20±3.06a	19.86±0.94ab	43.96±3.01a	38.79±0.46c
B	1.30±0.03a	50.84±1.12a	20.84±0.02a	43.21±3.18a	40.30±4.58bc
M	1.33±0.07a	49.73±2.83a	19.02±0.41bc	39.23±2.84ab	45.60±3.91ab
EM	1.30±0.02a	50.89±0.56a	19.37±0.58bc	37.19±1.14b	42.61±1.55abc

处理 Treatment	pH	土壤有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	可溶性有机碳DOC (mg·kg^-1)	可溶性有机氮 DON (mg·kg^-1)
F	8.07±0.03a	10.50±0.56c	0.49±0.06a	0.61±0.05a	7.88±0.51a	5.27±0.45e	30.13±1.84c	20.68±0.95c
SF	8.10±0.03a	12.19±0.43b	0.53±0.02a	0.62±0.01a	6.98±0.31b	6.49±0.20d	39.39±0.33a	24.28±2.82bc
B	8.00±0.03a	13.49±0.53a	0.52±0.02a	0.63±0.03a	7.05±0.53ab	11.79±0.58c	36.68±0.72a	23.27±2.61bc
M	8.02±0.06a	12.51±0.72ab	0.55±0.05a	0.62±0.05a	7.85±0.47a	14.04±0.72b	35.62±4.35ab	28.73±1.22a
EM	8.07±0.03a	13.48±0.36a	0.54±0.02a	0.64±0.02a	7.83±0.27a	15.57±0.51a	32.41±0.88bc	24.99±2.50b

指标 Index	主成分Principal component			公因子方差 Common factor variance
指标 Index	PC1	PC2	PC3	公因子方差 Common factor variance
硝态氮 NO₃^--N	0.380	0.216	0.691	0.669
可溶性有机氮DON	0.745	0.421	-0.272	0.807
有效磷 Olsen-P	0.864	-0.310	0.099	0.853
微生物量碳 MBC	0.932	-0.327	0.013	0.975
微生物量氮 MBN	0.836	0.432	-0.193	0.922
微生物量磷 MBP	0.791	-0.480	0.252	0.920
碳获取酶活性 Carbon-acquiring enzyme, CAE	0.900	-0.353	0.075	0.941
氮获取酶活性 Nitrogen-acquiring enzyme, NAE	0.745	0.387	-0.397	0.862
磷获取酶活性 Phosphorus-acquiring enzyme, PAE	0.032	0.552	0.692	0.784
总体酶活性参数 TEI	0.928	0.224	0.011	0.912
特征值 Eigenvalue	5.867	1.473	1.304
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%)	58.670	14.733	13.042
累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%)	58.670	73.403	86.444