我国水稻的肥料贡献率时空变化及影响因素

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.007

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 674-685.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.007

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

我国水稻的肥料贡献率时空变化及影响因素

李亚贞¹(), 韩天富², 曲潇琳³, 马常宝³, 都江雪², 柳开楼¹, 黄晶²^,⁴, 刘淑军²^,⁴, 刘立生²^,⁴, 申哲², 张会民²^,⁴()

¹江西省红壤及种质资源研究所/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心，江西进贤 331717
²中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所，北京 100081
³农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心，北京 100125
⁴中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站/湖南祁阳农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，湖南祁阳 426182

收稿日期:2022-01-08 接受日期:2022-02-23 出版日期:2023-02-16 发布日期:2023-02-24
通信作者: 张会民，E-mail：zhanghuimin@caas.cn
联系方式: 李亚贞，E-mail：liyazhen626@163.com。
基金资助:
江西省重点研发计划(20203BBFL63063); 国家自然科学基金(41671301); 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFD0300901)

Spatio-Temporal Variations of Fertilizer Contribution Rate for Rice in China and Its Influencing Factors

LI YaZhen¹(), HAN TianFu², QU XiaoLin³, MA ChangBao³, DU JiangXue², LIU KaiLou¹, HUANG Jing²^,⁴, LIU ShuJun²^,⁴, LIU LiSheng²^,⁴, SHEN Zhe², ZHANG HuiMin²^,⁴()

¹Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resources/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Jinxian 331717, Jiangxi
²Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
³Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125
⁴Red Soil Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Hengyang/National Observation and Research Station of Farmland Ecosystem in Qiyang, Hunan, Qiyang 426182, Hunan

Received:2022-01-08 Accepted:2022-02-23 Published:2023-02-16 Online:2023-02-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】从全国尺度上解析近30年（1988—2017）水稻产量的肥料贡献率变化及其影响因素，为水稻可持续生产和肥料的科学施用提供理论依据。【方法】基于全国稻作区耕地质量监测数据（338个点位），分析不同稻作模式、种植区域、气候条件和土壤质地的水稻肥料贡献率年际变化，并结合随机森林模型探讨各因素对水稻肥料贡献率变化的相对贡献。【结果】在施肥区和不施肥区水稻品种和栽培技术相同的条件下，近30年全国水稻的肥料贡献率整体呈现前20年逐渐升高，近10年趋于平稳的特征，总体变化幅度为41.20%—51.89%，但不同稻作模式存在差异，单季稻、双季稻和水稻-其他作物轮作的水稻肥料贡献率分别为38.58%—55.49%、41.96%—51.05%和42.34%—53.43%。不同区域的水稻肥料贡献率在近30年的平均值表现出西南（55.82%）>长江中游（46.73%）>华北（46.27%）>东北（45.90%）>华南（45.83%）>长江下游（44.25%）。结合施肥年限和水稻肥料贡献率的拟合方程发现，东北、华北、西南、长江中游、长江下游和华南的水稻肥料贡献率达到稳定的施肥年限分别为15.2、18.5、19.0、15.3、15.3和14.5 a。不同气候条件也显著影响水稻的肥料贡献率，其中，亚热带季风气候（49.23%）>温带季风气候（45.90%）>热带季风气候（34.57%）。不同土壤质地的水稻肥料贡献率则表现出黏土（43.25%—64.80%）>壤土（40.65%—48.46%）>砂土（26.20%—45.98%）。随机森林模型显示，氮肥和磷肥是调控水稻肥料贡献率变化的主要因素，同时，无霜期、年均降雨、年均温度、钾肥及土壤有机质含量也是影响水稻肥料贡献率的关键指标。【结论】在1988—2017年，全国稻作区的水稻肥料贡献率整体呈现前期逐渐增加后期趋于平稳的趋势，且稻作模式、区域、气候和土壤质地条件均影响水稻肥料贡献率的年际变化。氮肥和磷肥对水稻肥料贡献率变化的影响较大。相比其他土壤肥力指标，土壤有机质是影响水稻肥料贡献率变化的关键土壤肥力因子。

关键词: 稻田, 施肥, 肥料贡献率, 时空变化, 土壤有机质

Abstract:

【Objective】 Spatio-temporal variations and driving factors of fertilizer contribution rate were conducted for the paddy soil in China, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of rice and scientific recommended application of fertilizers in rice cultivation areas. 【Method】 Data was cited from a total of 338 long-term paddy soil monitoring sites located in rice-producing provinces of China for this study. The effects of fertilizer contribution rate for cropping system, climate, regions, soil texture and its driving factors were evaluated. 【Result】 In the past 30 years (1988-2017), the fertilizer contribution rate for rice increased first and then levelled off in China in the condition of same rice variety and cultivation techniques both in fertilization and none-fertilization plots. The variable range of fertilizer contribution rate for rice was from 41.20% to 51.89%. The fertilizer contribution rate for rice was 38.58%-55.49%, 41.96%-51.05%, and 42.34%-53.43% in single, double rice, and rice and other cropping systems, respectively. After 30 years, the fertilizer contribution rate for rice from high to low was as follows: Southwest China (55.82%), Middle of Yangtze River (46.73%), North China (46.27%), North east China (45.90%), South China (45.83%) and Lower of Yangtze River (44.25%). According to the fitting equation, it was found that the stable fertilization years of fertilizer contribution rate for rice was 15.2 a, 18.5 a, 19.0 a, 15.3 a, 15.3 a and 14.5 a in the Northeast China, North China, Southwest China, Middle of Yangtze River, Lower of Yangtze River and South China, respectively. The fertilizer contribution rate for rice in subtropical monsoon (49.23%) was much higher than temperate monsoon (45.90%) and tropical monsoon (34.57%). The fertilizer contribution rate for rice with different soil texture was 43.25%-64.80% for clay soil, 40.65%-48.46% for loam soil, and 26.20%- 45.98% for sand soil. Among the fertilization factors, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer were the main factors affecting fertilizer contribution rate. Among the climatic factors, frost-free period, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature were the main factors and soil organic matter was the most important one among the soil factors. 【Conclusion】 The fertilizer contribution rate for rice was increased first and then levelled off in 1988-2017, and there was different for fertilizer contribution rate for rice under different rice cropping systems, regions, climate and texture. Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were main factors of fertilizer contribution rate for rice in China. Moreover, the soil organic matter in paddy soil was the most important to fertilizer contribution rate for rice in soil fertility indexes.

Key words: paddy soil, fertilization, fertilizer contribution rate, spatio-temporal variations, soil organic matter

李亚贞, 韩天富, 曲潇琳, 马常宝, 都江雪, 柳开楼, 黄晶, 刘淑军, 刘立生, 申哲, 张会民. 我国水稻的肥料贡献率时空变化及影响因素[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(4): 674-685.

LI YaZhen, HAN TianFu, QU XiaoLin, MA ChangBao, DU JiangXue, LIU KaiLou, HUANG Jing, LIU ShuJun, LIU LiSheng, SHEN Zhe, ZHANG HuiMin. Spatio-Temporal Variations of Fertilizer Contribution Rate for Rice in China and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(4): 674-685.

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种植制度 Cropping system	拟合方程 Equation	R²	p
全部 All	y = 0.6864x + 38.200, x<19.6 y=51.55, x≥19.6	0.9669	0.0198
单季稻 Single rice	y = 1.0532x + 34.007, x<21.9 y=54.52, x≥21.9	0.9604	0.0236
双季稻 Double rice	y = 0.5813x + 39.990, x<16.5 y=47.97, x≥16.5	0.8879	0.0409
水稻-其他作物轮作 Rice-other	y = 0.5461x + 38.944, x<28.4 y=53.33, x≥28.4	0.9623	0.0225

区域 Region	拟合方程 Equation	R²	p
东北 Northeast China	y = 1.0171x + 37.316, x<15.2 y=42.06, x≥15.2	0.7017	0.0350
华北 North China	y = 1.4224x + 30.458, x<18.5 y=51.46, x≥18.5	0.9996	<0.0001
西南 Southwest China	y = 1.3346x + 38.202, x<19.0 y=57.68, x≥19.0	0.8647	0.0096
长江中游 Middle of Yangtze River	y = 0.7811x + 36.540, x<15.3 y=47.57, x≥15.3	0.9001	0.0015
长江下游 Lower of Yangtze River	y = 0.2423x + 41.283, x<15.3 y=44.14, x≥15.3	0.6535	0.0417
华南 South China	y = 0.5514x + 36.757, x<14.5 y=51.85, x≥14.5	0.7672	0.0328

气候 Climate	拟合方程 Equation	R²	p
热带季风 Tropical monsoon	y = 0.5138x +32.698, x<16.2 y = 0.8238x + 10.705, x≥16.2	0.8807	0.047
温带季风 Temperate monsoon	y = 1.0171x +37.316, x<15.2 y=42.06, x≥15.2	0.8921	0.023
亚热带季风 Subtropical monsoon	y = 0.7455x +37.915, x<20.5 y=53.21, x≥20.5	0.9907	0.014

土壤质地 Soil texture	拟合方程 Equation	R²	P
黏土Clay	y = 1.3348x + 36.325, x<20.9 y = 64.50, x≥20.9	0.9616	<0.01
壤土Loam	y = 0.6339x + 37.772, x<17.5 y = -0.4177x + 56.145, x≥17.5	0.9114	<0.01
砂土Sand	ns	-	-

我国水稻的肥料贡献率时空变化及影响因素

Spatio-Temporal Variations of Fertilizer Contribution Rate for Rice in China and Its Influencing Factors

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