施肥方式对设施菜地氨挥发的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.01.011

中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (1): 123-133.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.01.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

施肥方式对设施菜地氨挥发的影响

王从^1,²(),孙会峰^1,²,徐春花³,王站付³,张继宁^1,²,张鲜鲜^1,²,陈春宏⁴,周胜^1,²()

¹上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所,上海 201403
²上海低碳农业工程技术研究中心,上海 201403
³上海市农业技术推广服务中心,上海 201103
⁴上海市农业科学院庄行试验站,上海 201415

收稿日期:2020-12-25 接受日期:2021-02-25 出版日期:2022-01-01 发布日期:2022-01-07
通讯作者: 周胜
作者简介:王从,E-mail： wangcong@saas.sh.cn。
基金资助:
上海市科技兴农项目(沪农科推字2019第2-1号)

Effects of Fertilization Methods on Ammonia Volatilization from Vegetable Field Under Greenhouse Cultivation

WANG Cong^1,²(),SUN HuiFeng^1,²,XU ChunHua³,WANG ZhanFu³,ZHANG JiNing^1,²,ZHANG XianXian^1,²,CHEN ChunHong⁴,ZHOU Sheng^1,²()

¹Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403
²Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-Carbon Agriculture, Shanghai 201403
³Shanghai Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Shanghai 201103
⁴Zhuanghang Experimental Station, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201415

Received:2020-12-25 Accepted:2021-02-25 Online:2022-01-01 Published:2022-01-07
Contact: Sheng ZHOU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对我国设施菜地氨（NH₃）挥发过高的问题,研究不同施肥方式下设施菜地NH₃挥发特征,分析各施肥方式下影响设施菜地NH₃挥发的重要因子,为以减氮增效为目标的设施菜地肥料管理模式制定提供相关科学依据。【方法】以长江中下游地区典型设施菜地为研究对象,基于1次基肥和2次追肥的施肥方式,设置了不施氮处理（Control）、常规施氮处理（CF）、20%减氮缓释肥处理（SF）、20%减氮有机/无机肥配施处理（OF）、20%减氮复合微生物菌肥/无机肥配施处理（MF）和20%减氮水肥一体化处理（IM）,共计6个田间试验处理。除Control处理外,其余各处理氮磷钾的全季施用比例均保持一致。使用通气法对不同施肥方式下的菜地NH₃挥发进行了原位监测,并同步分析不同施肥方式下可能影响菜地土壤NH₃挥发的相关因素。【结果】不同施肥方式处理下的菜地NH₃挥发动态基本一致,NH₃挥发峰值均出现在肥料施用后。基肥施用阶段,除IM处理在基肥施用1 d后NH₃挥发即达到峰值外,其余处理均在基肥施用后3 d达到NH₃挥发峰值,峰值范围为0.12—0.26 kg NH₃·hm^-2·h^-1。在追肥阶段,各处理NH₃挥发峰值出现时间均有不同程度提前,各处理的NH₃挥发通量在追肥-Ⅰ阶段的峰值范围为0.08—0.19 kg NH₃·hm^-2·h^-1,追肥-Ⅱ阶段的峰值范围为0.13—0.18 kg NH₃·hm^-2·h^-1。NH₃挥发累积排放量由高至低依次为CF、MF、OF、SF、IM、Control。与CF施肥处理相比,SF和IM处理分别降低菜地累积NH₃挥发量24.2%和42.4%（P<0.05）,OF和MF处理分别降低10.1%和8.3%（P>0.05）NH₃挥发累积量。此外,由NH₃挥发引起的氮肥损失率,由高至低依次为MF、OF、CF、SF、IM。与CF处理相比,MF处理始终具有较高的肥料NH₃-N损失率,而IM处理下则始终低于CF处理。与CF处理相比,SF和OF处理在基肥阶段的肥料NH₃-N损失率较低,但在追肥阶段的肥料NH₃-N损失率则均高于CF处理。【结论】与CF处理相比,SF和IM处理可显著降低设施菜地NH₃挥发量。从不同施肥阶段来看,IM处理在基肥和追肥施用阶段均可显著降低由NH₃挥发引起的氮肥损失率,而SF处理对菜地NH₃挥发的减缓作用主要是在基肥施用阶段。因此,缓释氮肥施用以及水肥一体化技术在减缓设施菜地NH₃挥发和农田减氮增效方面,具有重要的推广意义。

关键词: 设施菜地, 施肥方式, 氨挥发, 氮肥损失

Abstract:

【Objective】 The massive ammonia (NH₃) volatilization from excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization is a common issue in greenhouse cultivated vegetable production in China. To alleviate this problem, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different fertilization methods on NH₃ volatilization of greenhouse vegetable fields.【Method】 The study was carried out with 6 fertilization treatments via one-time basal fertilization and two-time topdressings, including N fertilizer-blank treatment (Control), conventional fertilization treatment (CF), 20% N-reduced slow-release fertilizer treatment (SF), 20% N-reduced organic fertilizer treatment (OF), 20% N-reduced microbial fertilizer treatment (MF) and integrated management of water and fertilizer treatment (IM). Except for the Control treatment, an identical application ratio of N, P and K fertilizers was employed to each treatment throughout the whole vegetable growing season. The NH₃ volatilization fluxes under different fertilization methods were observed by using venting absorption method. The potential influencing factors of NH₃ volatilization were also investigated synchronously.【Result】 The dynamics of NH₃ volatilization under different fertilization treatments were similar, and the occurrence of the peaks of NH₃ flux was highly associated with fertilization time. During basal fertilization period, for the most of treatments, the NH₃ fluxes peaks appeared 3-days after the application of basal fertilizer, while it was only 1-day under IM treatment. The maximum fluxes of NH₃ ranged from 0.12 to 0.26 kg NH₃·hm^-2·h^-1 during basal fertilization period. The occurrence of the peaks of NH₃ fluxes were ahead by 1-2 days during topdressing periods. The maximum fluxes of NH₃ volatilization were 0.08-0.19 kg NH₃·hm^-2·h^-1 during the first topdressing period, and 0.13-0.18 kg NH₃·hm^-2·h^-1 during second topdressing period. Significant differences were found among different fertilization treatments in the seasonal cumulative NH₃ volatilizations. The seasonal cumulative NH₃ volatilizations in the decreasing order of different treatments were CF, MF, OF, SF, IM, Control. Compare with CF treatment, the treatments of SF and IM markedly reduced NH₃ volatilization from greenhouse vegetable field by 24.2% and 42.4% (P<0.05), and reduced by 10.1% and 8.3% (P>0.05) under MF and OF treatments, respectively. The NH₃ volatilization-induced N losses in the decreasing order of different treatments were MF, OF, CF, SF, IM. Compare with the rest of the applied treatments, the IM treatment consistently showed lower NH₃-N loss rate during the whole season. However, the NH₃-N loss rates under MF and OF treatments were different during basal fertilization and topdressing periods. In the basal fertilization period, the MF and OF treatments showed lower NH₃-N loss rates compare with CF treatment, however, during topdressing period, the NH₃-N loss rates under MF and OF treatments were higher than that under CF treatment. 【Conclusion】 Compare with CF treatment, both of the SF and IM treatments could significantly reduce the NH₃ volatilization that derived from applied N fertilizer. The IM treatment reduced NH₃-N-induced N fertilizer loss in both basal fertilization and topdressing periods, while the SF treatment mainly reduced the NH₃ volatilization during basal fertilization period. On balance, both the application of slow-release fertilizer and the technique of integrated management of water and fertilizer were the effective ways in the reduction of NH₃ volatilization from greenhouse vegetable field, and were worthy for recommendation.

Key words: greenhouse vegetable fields, fertilization method, ammonia volatilization, nitrogen loss

王从,孙会峰,徐春花,王站付,张继宁,张鲜鲜,陈春宏,周胜. 施肥方式对设施菜地氨挥发的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(1): 123-133.

WANG Cong,SUN HuiFeng,XU ChunHua,WANG ZhanFu,ZHANG JiNing,ZHANG XianXian,CHEN ChunHong,ZHOU Sheng. Effects of Fertilization Methods on Ammonia Volatilization from Vegetable Field Under Greenhouse Cultivation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(1): 123-133.

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处理 Treatment	基肥氮损失率 NH₃-induced N loss from basal fertilizer (%)	追肥-Ⅰ氮损失率 NH₃-induced N loss from topdressing - Ⅰ (%)	追肥-Ⅱ氮损失率 NH₃-induced N loss from topdressing - Ⅱ (%)	全季氮损失率 Seasonal NH₃ volatilization-induced N loss (%)
CF	11.9±1.1ab*	18.3±3.6ab	18.8±2.4a	15.0±0.7a
SF	9.1±0.9bc	19.2±4.3ab	19.8±1.6a	14.1±0.6a
OF	11.3±0.2ab	21.5±1.0a	23.8±5.4a	16.7±1.6a
MF	13.1±1.3a	20.2±2.3ab	22.5±4.6a	17.1±1.3a
IM	6.8±0.9c	8.4±0.9c	14.3±0.7a	10.0±0.8b

施肥方式对设施菜地氨挥发的影响

Effects of Fertilization Methods on Ammonia Volatilization from Vegetable Field Under Greenhouse Cultivation

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试验处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)			追肥-Ⅰ Topdressing-Ⅰ (kg·hm^-2)			追肥-Ⅱ Topdressing-Ⅱ (kg·hm^-2)			总施肥量 Total amount (kg·hm^-2)
试验处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
Control	—	96	96	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	96	96
CF	120	120	120	30	—	—	50	—	—	200	120	120
SF	96	96	96	24	—	—	40	—	—	160	96	96
OF	96	96	96	24	—	—	40	—	—	160	96	96
MF	96	96	96	24	—	—	40	—	—	160	96	96
IM	96	84	72	24	4.5	9	40	7.5	15	160	96	96

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