中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (12): 2384-2397.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.12.010
收稿日期:
2021-04-22
接受日期:
2021-06-11
出版日期:
2022-06-16
发布日期:
2022-06-23
作者简介:
卢秉林,E-mail: 基金资助:
LU BingLin(),CHE ZongXian,ZHANG JiuDong,BAO XingGuo,WU KeSheng,YANG RuiJu
Received:
2021-04-22
Accepted:
2021-06-11
Online:
2022-06-16
Published:
2022-06-23
摘要:
【目的】 通过探讨氮肥减量条件下长期间作毛叶苕子利用其根茬还田对玉米产量及氮肥贡献率的影响,旨为玉米毛叶苕子间作体系的氮肥替代及其氮素资源管理提供科学依据。【方法】 试验于2014—2019年在农业农村部甘肃耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站进行。采用田间试验方法,在不施肥(CK)和习惯施氮(N100)水平下设置单作玉米处理,在90%(N90V)、80%(N80V)、70%(N70V)、60%(N60V)和0%(N0V)的习惯施氮水平下设置玉米毛叶苕子间作处理,共7个处理,3次重复,田间随机区组排列。研究不同氮肥减施条件下,玉米长期间作毛叶苕子后,作物产量、经济效益、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥贡献率的变化规律。【结果】 玉米长期间作毛叶苕子利用根茬还田对玉米具有明显的增产优势,而且这种增产优势随间作年限的延长呈增加趋势。相比习惯施氮处理(N100),在化学氮肥减施20%条件下玉米长期间作毛叶苕子根茬还田,可以在保证玉米稳产的情况下增收2 273.2 kg·hm-2毛叶苕子干草,合计收益增加0.9%,达29 686元/hm2,同时,氮肥偏生产力和农学效率显著提高20.7%和14.7%;在化学氮肥减施30%的条件下玉米长期间作毛叶苕子根茬还田,虽然玉米籽粒产量降幅明显,达7.7%,但是因为可以增收2 319.34 kg·hm-2毛叶苕子干草,合计收益与习惯施氮处理持平,达28 652元/hm2,同时,氮肥偏生产力和农学效率显著提高31.8%和16.3%;在化学氮肥减施40%的条件下玉米长期间作毛叶苕子根茬还田,虽然可以增收2 303.09 kg·hm-2毛叶苕子干草,氮肥偏生产力和农学效率也显著提高48.8%和23.8%,但是因为玉米籽粒产量显著降低10.7%,合计收益只有27 929元/hm2,显著低于习惯施氮处理。【结论】 在甘肃河西绿洲灌区玉米生产过程中,氮肥减量条件下长期(9年)间作毛叶苕子利用其根茬还田,若只考虑玉米籽粒产量,则可以替代20%的化学氮肥用量,若考虑玉米和毛叶苕子的合计产值,则可以替代30%的化学氮肥用量。
卢秉林,车宗贤,张久东,包兴国,吴科生,杨蕊菊. 氮肥减量下长期间作毛叶苕子根茬还田对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(12): 2384-2397.
LU BingLin,CHE ZongXian,ZHANG JiuDong,BAO XingGuo,WU KeSheng,YANG RuiJu. Effects of Long-Term Intercropping of Maize with Hairy Vetch Root Returning to Field on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(12): 2384-2397.
表1
氮肥减量下玉米毛叶苕子间作体系的经济效益分析"
处理 Treatment | 玉米产值Output value of maize | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2014-2019平均 Average | ||
CK | 17990±832c | 15593±455 d | 15447±445 e | 15940±44 c | 18702±1266 c | 19413±901 d | 17181±225 d | |
N100 | 29932±557 a | 29458±245 a | 30456±856 a | 29190±610 a | 27592±445 a | 29925±1071 a | 29425±388 a | |
N90V | 30398±1480 a | 29877±1321 a | 30134±692 a | 29197±587 a | 27405±1180 a | 30613±961 a | 29604±863 a | |
N80V | 29371±1015 ab | 28257±581 ab | 28175±1100 b | 28410±898 a | 26635±1057 ab | 29622±1099 ab | 28412±666 ab | |
N70V | 28735±1124 ab | 27223±612 bc | 27388±1519 b | 26320±1739 b | 25135±906 b | 28093±1518 b | 27149±917 bc | |
N60V | 27475±1266 b | 26066±992 c | 24786±971 c | 26028±879 b | 25292±618 b | 27988±855 b | 26273±795 c | |
N0V | 18684±1860 c | 14630±1605 d | 17567±853 d | 15505±1260 c | 18002±1670 c | 21583±440 c | 17662±991 d | |
处理 Treatment | 绿肥产值Output value of green manure | |||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2014-2019年 平均Average | ||
CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
N100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
N90V | 2796±133 a | 2691±225 a | 2360±277 a | 2895±400 b | 2687±372 b | 3200±139 a | 2771±95 a | |
N80V | 2617±235 a | 2641±388 a | 2373±303 a | 2881±280 b | 2673±260 b | 3182±177 a | 2728±226 a | |
N70V | 2782±262 a | 2727±361 a | 2200±349 a | 3125±216 ab | 2647±220 b | 3218±133 a | 2783±161 a | |
N60V | 2810±109 a | 2683±253 a | 2160±423 a | 2852±237 b | 2900±200 ab | 3177±144 a | 2764±100 a | |
N0V | 2762±245 a | 2825±344 a | 2653±129 a | 3398±174 a | 3153±162 a | 3184±180 a | 2996±157 a | |
处理 Treatment | 新增成本 Annual increase cost | 合计收益 Total profit | ||||||
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2014-2019平均 Average | ||
CK | -2804 | 20794±832 c | 18397±454 c | 18251±445 d | 18744±44 d | 21506±1266 c | 22217±901 d | 19985±901 d |
N100 | 0 | 29932±557 ab | 29458±245 ab | 30456±856 a | 29190±610 abc | 27592±445 ab | 29925±1071 b | 29425±1071 ab |
N90V | 1627 | 31567±1377 a | 30941±1513 a | 30867±945 a | 30465±349 a | 28465±1391 a | 32186±1096 a | 30748±1096 a |
N80V | 1453 | 30535±1139 ab | 29445±917 ab | 29095±1377 ab | 29838±1060 ab | 27855±1171 ab | 31351±1082 ab | 29686±1082 ab |
N70V | 1280 | 30237±1174 ab | 28670±703 b | 28308±1694 b | 28165±1841 bc | 26502±776 b | 30032±1641 b | 28652±1641 bc |
N60V | 1107 | 29178±1372 b | 27643±1245 b | 25839±1008 c | 27773±939 c | 27085±472 ab | 30058±874 b | 27929±874 c |
N0V | 67 | 21379±2014 c | 17388±1945 c | 20153±912 d | 18836±1334 d | 21088±1531 c | 24701±535 c | 20591±535 d |
表2
氮肥减量下玉米毛叶苕子间作对氮肥偏生产力的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2014-2019平均 Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N100 | 38.01±0.71 e | 37.41±0.31 e | 38.67±1.09 e | 37.07±0.94 e | 35.04±0.57 e | 38.00±1.36 e | 37.37±0.49 e |
N90V | 42.89±2.09 d | 42.15±1.86 d | 42.52±0.98 d | 41.20±0.83 d | 38.67±1.67 d | 43.19±1.36 d | 41.77±1.22 d |
N80V | 46.62±1.61 c | 44.85±0.92 c | 44.72±1.75 c | 45.10±1.42 c | 42.28±1.68 c | 47.02±1.74 c | 45.10±1.06 c |
N70V | 52.13±2.04 b | 49.38±1.11 b | 49.68±2.75 b | 47.75±3.16 b | 45.60±1.65 b | 50.96±2.75 b | 49.25±1.66 b |
N60V | 58.15±2.68 a | 55.17±2.10 a | 52.46±2.06 a | 55.09±1.86 a | 53.53±1.31 a | 59.23±1.81 a | 55.60±1.39 a |
表3
氮肥减量条件下玉米毛叶苕子间作对氮肥农学效率的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2014-2019平均 Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N100 | 15.16±1.38 b | 17.61±0.42 c | 19.06±0.57 b | 16.83±0.72 c | 11.29±1.98 a | 13.35±1.90 b | 15.55±0.31 c |
N90V | 17.51±0.98 ab | 20.15±1.56 b | 20.72±0.38 ab | 18.70±0.77 b | 12.28±2.26 a | 15.80±0.17 ab | 17.53±0.93 b |
N80V | 18.06±1.81 ab | 20.10±0.75 b | 20.20±1.11 ab | 19.79±1.37 ab | 12.59±3.66 a | 16.20±2.61 ab | 17.83±0.72 b |
N70V | 19.49±0.58 a | 21.10±0.29 ab | 21.66±2.21 a | 18.83±3.09 b | 11.67±0.97 a | 15.75±1.19 ab | 18.08±1.29 b |
N60V | 20.07±2.43 a | 22.17±1.34 a | 19.77±1.13 b | 21.35±1.78 a | 13.95±3.55 a | 18.15±2.94 a | 19.24±0.92 a |
表4
氮肥减量下玉米毛叶苕子间作对氮肥贡献率的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2014-2019平均 Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N100 | 39.88±3.17 a | 47.07±1.28 a | 49.28±0.42 a | 45.38±1.01 a | 32.18±5.28 a | 35.06±4.14 a | 41.47±0.53 a |
N90V | 40.81±0.67 a | 47.77±1.81 a | 48.74±0.40 a | 45.39±0.97 a | 31.69±5.00 a | 36.61±1.01 a | 41.84±1.05 a |
N80V | 38.72±3.09 a | 44.82±1.30 b | 45.16±0.84 b | 43.86±1.65 a | 29.59±7.64 ab | 34.37±4.59 ab | 39.42±0.78 b |
N70V | 37.40±0.59 ab | 42.73±0.39 c | 43.53±2.14 b | 39.26±3.92 b | 25.64±2.67 b | 30.88±0.82 b | 36.57±1.31 c |
N60V | 34.48±3.07 b | 40.16±1.11 d | 37.66±0.74 c | 38.71±1.94 b | 25.99±6.19 b | 30.58±4.33 b | 34.60±0.83 d |
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