杂交小麦苗期光合特性分析及其对强优势组合的早期预测

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过分析不同杂交小麦组合及其亲本苗期叶片的光合特性与籽粒产量的相关性,为杂交小麦强优势组合早期筛选和预测提供理论依据。【方法】以2个恢复系和4个不育系及其配制的6个杂交小麦组合为材料,在大田种植条件下测定小麦苗期叶片的光合特性,包括净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶绿素含量、Rubisco活性及其大小亚基编码基因rbcL、rbcS相对表达量;调查成熟期的产量性状,包括株高、主穗穗长、单株地上生物量、有效穗数、穗粒数、单株籽粒产量、主穗小穗数、千粒重、收获指数,并分析杂种优势以及光合性状与产量性状的相关性。【结果】杂交小麦苗期的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均表现出显著的超高亲优势,其中净光合速率的平均超高亲优势为15.4%,气孔导度为21.3%,蒸腾速率则为11.46%,净光合速率值高的恢复系所配制的杂交组合具有更高的净光合速率和杂种优势,而胞间二氧化碳浓度、水分利用效率则少数有负向优势。成熟期有效穗数、单株籽粒产量及单株生物量具有较高的超高亲优势,其中穗数的超高亲优势值达到最高,平均优势值为34.21%。相关性分析表明,净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率、单株生物量和单株籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关,说明气孔导度、蒸腾速率可辅助筛选高光合小麦,同时苗期净光合速率与产量关系密切。叶绿素含量、Rubisco活性、大小亚基编码基因rbcL、rbcS相对表达量的杂种优势差异较大,其中杂交小麦Rubisco活性均高于双亲,且具有显著的超高亲优势,平均超高亲优势为5.38%。编码基因中,与rbcL相比rbcS具有更高的超高亲优势和中亲优势,而叶绿素含量主要表现为负向优势,少数表现出中亲优势,极少数表现出超高亲优势,且各项指标与净光合速率均无显著相关性。【结论】杂交小麦在苗期已表现出显著的杂种优势,尤其是净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,而净光合速率与单株产量、单株生物量显著正相关,因此结合小麦杂交组合的田间表现,苗期净光合速率高低可以作为早期预测杂交组合的产量潜力的参考依据。

关键词: 杂交小麦, 光合作用, 籽粒产量, 杂种优势

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for early heterosis prediction of hybrid wheat by analyzing photosynthetic characteristics of leaves of different hybrid wheat combinations and their parents at the seedling stage, so that it was easy to select hybrids with strong heterosis. 【Method】 Six hybrid wheat combinations and their parents, including two restorer lines and four male sterile lines, were used as materials to measure the photosynthetic characteristics of wheat leaves at the seedling stage in the field, including net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), transpiration rate (T_r), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll content (Chl.), Rubisco content and the relative expression of rbcL and rbcS genes encoding Rubisco subunits as well as their heterosis and correlation. The yield traits were investigated at the wheat maturity stage, including plant height, length of main spike, biomass per plant, spike number per plant, grains per spike, grain yield per plant, spikelets of main spike, thousand grain weight, and harvest index. And then, correlation between grain yield and their photosynthetic characteristics was analyzed. 【Result】 P_n, G_s and T_r of six hybrid wheat showed significant heterosis over high parents. The average heterosis of P_n over high parents was 15.4%, G_s was 21.3%, and T_r was 11.46%. The higher P_n and stronger heterosis of hybrids resulted from the restorer lines with higher P_n, while C_i and WUE of some hybrids showed negative heterosis. The number of spikes per plant, yield per plant and biomass per plant had greater heterosis over high parents, in which the number of spikes per plant performed the highest heterosis with 34.21% on average. Correlation analysis showed that P_n was significantly or super-significantly positively correlated with G_s, T_r, grain yield per plant and biomass per plant, suggesting that G_s and T_r could help to screen high photosynthetic wheat, and P_n at the seedling stage had important relationship with yield. Among them, the Rubisco activity of hybrid wheat was higher than that of its parents, and it had a significant heterosis over high parents, with an average heterosis of 5.38% over high parents. Compared with rbcL, rbcS had a higher over high-parent heterosis and over mid-parent heterosis. The chlorophyll content mainly showed a negative advantage, few over mid-parent heterosis, and very few showed over high-parent heterosis. There was no significant correlation between P_n and other photosynthetic characteristics.【Conclusion】 The results indicated that the leaf photosynthesis of hybrid wheat at the seedling stage showed significant over high-parent heterosis, especially P_n, G_s and T_r, and P_n was significantly positively correlated with the yield per plant and the biomass per plant, so the level of net photosynthetic rate could be one of the important traits for early prediction of yield potential of hybrid combination.

Key words: hybrid wheat, photosynthesis, grain yield, heterosis

李姜玲,杨澜,阮仁武,李中安. 杂交小麦苗期光合特性分析及其对强优势组合的早期预测[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(23): 4996-5007.

LI JiangLing,YANG Lan,RUAN RenWu,LI ZhongAn. Analysis of Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hybrid Wheat at Seedling Stage and Its Use for Early Prediction of Strong Heterosis Combinations[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(23): 4996-5007.

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亲本及F₁代 Parents and F₁ hybrid		净光合速率 P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i (μmol·mol^-1)	水分利用效率 WUE (mmol·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	叶绿素a Chl.a (mg·g^-1)	叶绿素b Chl.b (mg·g^-1)	叶绿素(a+b) Chl.(a+b) (mg·g^-1)
不育系 Male sterile lines	18L7077	28.28	373.78	255.09	13.45	2.10	0.842	0.253	1.095
	15L7084	25.58	340.2	228.01	17.35	1.56	0.848	0.262	1.109
	12L8012	23.72	315.66	271.39	12.11	1.97	0.782	0.245	1.027
	12L8015	22.38	269.2	237.99	14.73	1.54	0.798	0.245	1.043
恢复系 Restorer lines	川麦93 Chuanmai93	24.94	365.86	231.84	15.7	1.64	0.850	0.259	1.108
恢复系 Restorer lines	川14品16 Chuan14pin16	23.53	318.98	233.02	15.32	1.55	0.896	0.269	1.164
F₁代 F₁ hybrid	12L8015×川14品16 12L8015×Chuan 14 pin 16	27.92	434.69	256.59	16.92	1.67	0.851	0.244	1.095
	15L7084×川14品16 15L7084×Chuan 14 pin 16	27.83	439.33	239.79	16.58	1.75	0.826	0.245	1.071
	18L7077×川14品16 18L7077×Chuan 14 pin 16	30.26	454.31	235.03	13.94	2.17	0.809	0.243	1.052
	12L8012×川麦93 12L8012×Chuanmai 93	30.03	454.59	246.35	14.08	2.20	0.808	0.247	1.055
	12L8015×川麦93 12L8015×Chuanmai 93	31.48	461.67	220.00	17.75	1.89	0.778	0.236	1.014
	15L7084×川麦93 15L7084×Chuanmai 93	28.25	396.67	230.21	14.61	1.96	0.859	0.267	1.126
均值 Mean		27.02	385.41	240.44	15.21	1.83	0.829	0.251	1.080
标准差 Std		2.814	62.018	13.874	1.640	0.236	0.033	0.010	0.042
变异系数CV (%)		10.42	16.09	5.77	10.78	12.88	4.04	4.03	3.90
组间差异Difference in combinations (F)		111.460**	438.683**	8.840**	105.507**	59.222**	23.849**	11.24*	12.46**

性状 Trait	超高亲优势 Over high-parent heterosis			中亲优势 Over mid-parent heterosis			超低亲优势 Below low-parent heterosis
性状 Trait	正向组合数 HPH>0	平均 AH (%)	范围 Range (%)	正向组合数 MPH>0	平均 AH (%)	范围 Range (%)	负向组合数LPH<0	平均 AH (%)	范围 Range (%)
净光合速率 P_n	6	15.40	7.00-26.23	6	20.08	11.82-33.05	0	25.34	13.25-40.66
气孔导度 G_s	6	24.30	8.42-36.27	6	35.82	20.35-47.81	0	39.35	16.60-61.47
胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i	3	-0.61	-9.22-7.82	3	0.16	-6.35-8.95	1	3.04	-5.11-10.11
水分利用效率 WUE	3	-2.67	-15.80-13.06	4	2.88	-11.58-16.67	1	9.42	-9.00-23.27
蒸腾速率 T_r	6	11.36	3.59-19.09	6	16.93	8.00-22.07	0	23.82	8.28-40.43
叶绿素a Chl.a	1	-5.78	-9.72-1.13	2	-2.65	-7.22-1.46	3	0.79	-4.59-8.88
叶绿素b Chl.b	1	-6.44	-9.50-2.17	1	-4.18	-8.32-2.72	4	0.16	-7.11-3.28
叶绿素(a+b) Chl.(a+b)	1	-5.90	-9.67-1.94	1	-3.00	-7.48-1.59	3	0.16	-5.18-6.67

F₁代 F₁ hybrid	净光合速率 P_n	气孔导度 G_s	胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i	水分利用效率 WUE	蒸腾速率 T_r	叶绿素a Chl.a	叶绿素b Chl.b	叶绿素(a+b) Chl.(a+b)
12L8015×川14品16 12L8015×Chuan 14 pin 16	18.63**	36.28**	7.82*	10.46**	7.73*	-5.01*	-9.13*	-5.96
15L7084×川14品16 15L7084×Chuan 14 pin 16	8.80*	29.14**	2.90	-4.44	11.64**	-9.72**	-9.50*	-9.67*
18L7077×川14品16 18L7077×Chuan 14 pin 16	7.00*	21.54**	3.08	-9.01*	3.59	-7.76*	-8.82*	-8.00*
12L8012×川麦93 12L8012×Chuanmai 93	20.39**	24.25**	-9.23*	-10.34**	11.45**	-4.88	-4.58	-4.81
12L8015×川麦93 12L8015×Chuanmai 93	26.23**	26.19**	-7.56*	13.06**	14.66**	-8.44*	-8.79*	-8.52*
15L7084×川麦93 15L7084×Chuanmai 93	10.44**	8.42*	-0.70	-15.80**	19.09**	1.13	2.17	1.54

性状 Trait	净光合速率 P_n	气孔导度 G_s	胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i	水分利用效率 WUE	蒸腾速率 T_r	叶绿素a Chl.a	叶绿素b Chl.b
气孔导度 G_s	0.939**
胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i	-0.534	-0.189
水分利用效率 WUE	0.382	0.396	-0.626*
蒸腾速率 T_r	0.680*	0.559	0.329	-0.196
叶绿素a Chl.a	-0.257	0.002	0.017	0.113	-0.670*
叶绿素b Chl.b	-0.414	-0.269	-0.107	-0.017	-0.619*	0.843**
叶绿素(a+b) Chl.(a+b)	-0.199	-0.062	-0.010	0.082	-0.678*	0.992**	0.904**

性状 Trait	净光合速率 P_n	气孔导度 G_s	胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i	水分利用效率 WUE	蒸腾速率 T_r	叶绿素a Chl.a	叶绿素b Chl.b	叶绿素(a+b) Chl.(a+b)
杂交小麦组合与不育系值HMC	-0.219	-0.437	0.128	-0.234	-0.704	0.361	0.585	0.416
杂交小麦组合与恢复系值HRC	0.359	-0.508	-0.668	-0.089	-0.177	0.249	-0.313	0.109
杂交小麦组合与中亲值HMPC	-0.192	-0.565	-0.029	-0.239	-0.270	0.374	0.283	0.340