大气CO2与温度升高对北方冬小麦旗叶光合特性、碳氮代谢及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨大气CO₂浓度升高与增温影响下北方冬小麦叶片光合特征、碳氮代谢物、生物量和产量形成的调节适应规律,为未来气候变化下小麦生产提供理论依据。【方法】以冬小麦品种“中科2011”为材料,利用封闭式人工气候室,设置对照CK（CO₂浓度和气温与大田一致）、EC（CO₂浓度为大田浓度+200 μmol·mol^-1,气温与大田相同）、ET（CO₂浓度与大田一致,气温为大田温度+2℃）、ECT（CO₂浓度为大田浓度+200 μmol·mol^-1,气温为大田温度+2℃）共4个处理。测定CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1和气温升高2℃变化条件下冬小麦生长发育、叶片的光合特性、碳氮代谢、生物量和产量指标。【结果】气温升高2℃会缩短小麦全生育期及开花到成熟时间,使孕穗期净光合速率显著增加24.7%,而对拔节期与灌浆期净光合速率无显著影响,同时,使灌浆期叶片纤维素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性下降,穗粒数和千粒重下降,进而使产量与生物量分别显著降低23.0%和19.7%;CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1使拔节期与孕穗期小麦净光合速率分别提高32.8%和40.7%,增加灌浆期叶片碳水化合物含量,虽然生长后期出现光适应,但仍可通过增加单位面积穗数使小麦产量增加26.1%。在增温条件下,CO₂浓度升高可通过使开花到成熟的时间延长2 d、叶片净光合速率提高约25.54%、增加可溶性总糖、纤维素与淀粉含量等弥补升温对小麦生物量和产量的负效应。【结论】CO₂浓度升高可通过延长开花到成熟时间、提高小麦净光合速率、增加光合代谢物等弥补升温对小麦生物量和产量的负效应。

关键词: CO₂浓度升高, 气温升高, 冬小麦, 光合特性, 产量, 生育期

Abstract:

【Objective】This study was conducted to clarify the response and acclimation process of winter wheat under elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and rising temperature in North China, so as to provide the theory basis for wheat production under future climate change condition.【Method】Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ‘Zhongke2011’) plants were subjected to elevated CO₂ concentration (ambient concentration +200 μmol·mol^-1) and rising temperature (ambient temperature +2℃) at open top climate chambers. The photosynthetic traits, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, biomass accumulation and yield formation of winter wheat in response to elevated CO₂ concentration and rising temperature were investigated. 【Result】The rising temperature shorten the whole growth period and the time from florescence to harvest of this wheat cultivar. The net photosynthesis rate (P_n) was enhanced at booting stage by 24.7%, but was not obviously changed in elongation and filling stages. However, the leaf fiber content, soluble protein content and nitrate reductase activity in filling stage, and kernels per spike, thousand seed weight, biomass, and yield in harvest stage decreased by 23.0%. Elevated CO₂ concentration increased P_n in the elongation and booting stage by 32.8% and 40.7%, respectively. Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased leaf carbohydrate content in the filling stage and spike number per unit area, and improved yield by 26.1%, although which induced photosynthesis acclimation at the late growth stage. Moreover, elevated CO₂ concentration increased the time from florescence to harvest of wheat plants for 2 days, and improved P_nby 25.54%, leaf soluble sugar content, fiber content, and starch content under rising temperature conditions. 【Conclusion】Elevated CO₂ concentration could offset the negative impacts of rising temperature on biomass accumulation and yield of wheat plants by increasing the time from florescence to harvest, net photosynthesis rate and carbon metabolism.

Key words: elevated CO₂ concentration, rising temperature, winter wheat, photosynthesis performance, yield, growth period

宗毓铮,张函青,李萍,张东升,林文,薛建福,高志强,郝兴宇. 大气CO₂与温度升高对北方冬小麦旗叶光合特性、碳氮代谢及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(23): 4984-4995.

ZONG YuZheng,ZHANG HanQing,LI Ping,ZHANG DongSheng,LIN Wen,XUE JianFu,GAO ZhiQiang,HAO XingYu. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO₂Concentration and Temperature on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Flag Leaves and Yield of Winter Wheat in North China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(23): 4984-4995.

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参考文献 27

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生长季平均温度 Mean temperature of growing season (℃)	最高温度及出现日期 Maximum temperature and its date			最低气温及出现日期 Minimum temperature and its date
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生长季平均温度 Mean temperature of growing season (℃)	最高温度 Maximum temperature (℃)	日平均温度 Mean daily temperature (℃)	日期 Date (M-D)	最低温度 Minimum temperature (℃)	日平均温度 Mean daily temperature (℃)	日期 Date (M-D)
2017-2018	CK	11.4	38.3	28.7	06-07	-11.9	0.2	02-04
	EC	11.6	38.6	28.9	06-07	-11.3	-0.1	02-04
	ET	13.5	40.5	30.9	06-07	-11.9	0.3	02-04
	ECT	13.6	40.8	30.9	06-07	-11.8	0.2	02-04
2019-2020	CK	12.4	40.3	28.7	06-04	-10.9	-0.2	12-31
	EC	12.4	40.5	28.9	06-04	-10.3	0.1	12-31
	ET	14.1	42.4	30.9	06-04	-10.9	0.3	12-31
	ECT	14	42.5	31.0	06-04	-9.9	0.3	12-31

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种期 Sowing date (M-D)	出苗时间 Emergence (d)	开花时间 Flowering date (d)	成熟期 Mature date (d)	开花到成熟时间 The days from flowering to ripening (d)
2017-2018	CK	10-25	9	180	219	39
	EC	10-25	9	176	216	40
	ET	10-25	8	174	209	35
	ECT	10-25	8	171	208	37
2019-2020	CK	10-27	9	185	225	40
	EC	10-27	9	183	223	40
	ET	10-27	8	177	213	36
	ECT	10-27	8	174	212	38

处理 Treatment		光饱和点 Light saturation point (LSP) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	光补偿点 Light compensation point (LCP) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	最大净光合速率 Maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	暗呼吸速率 Dark respiration rate (R_d) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
CK		2235.92±508.20ab	12.83±0.07ab	18.28±1.35b	1.01±0.14a
EC		2554.62±146.51a	10.47±5.17ab	22.07±0.58a	0.88±0.41a
ET		1475.33±118.13b	4.19±0.52b	19.99±0.28ab	0.42±0.05a
ECT		1481±150.09b	15.76±0.97a	22.59±0.61a	1.14±0.11a
P-value	P_T	0.01	0.54	0.21	0.49
	P_CO2	0.58	0.01	0.00	0.23
	P_T×CO2	0.59	0.03	0.48	0.09

处理 Treatment		饱和胞间CO₂浓度 Saturated intercellular CO₂ concentration (Cisat) (μmol·mol^-1)	CO₂补偿点 CO₂ compensation point (Γ) (μmol·mol^-1)	最大光合能力 Photosynthetic capacity (Amax) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	光呼吸速率 Photorespiration rate (Rp) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
CK		772.78±70.01a	62.15±2.32a	42.64±3.2a	14.79±1.35a
EC		717.73±12.78b	65.41±3.44a	35.45±4.00ab	14.33±1.43a
ET		821.97±10.71a	68.47±4.28a	36.49±2.31ab	13.19±0.63a
ECT		842.16±14.57a	59.12±11.37a	30.64±1.92b	10.75±1.64a
P-value	P_T	0.00	0.99	0.10	0.08
	P_CO2	0.13	0.64	0.05	0.30
	P_T×CO2	0.01	0.35	0.82	0.47

处理 Treatment		最大羧化速率 Maximum carboxylation rate (V_c.max) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	最大电子传递速率 Maximum electron transport rate (J_max) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	J_max/V_c.max
CK		102.50±6.05a	103.78±9.45a	0.99±0.04b
EC		102.63±8.49a	104.00±5.60a	0.98±0.03b
ET		71.47±6.15b	60.43±6.58b	1.19±0.03a
ECT		52.52±4.70b	44.83±3.67b	1.17±0.03a
P-value	P_T	0.00	0.00	0.00
	P_CO2	0.18	0.28	0.65
	P_T×CO2	0.18	0.26	0.90

大气CO₂与温度升高对北方冬小麦旗叶光合特性、碳氮代谢及产量的影响

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO₂Concentration and Temperature on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Flag Leaves and Yield of Winter Wheat in North China

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处理 Treatment		叶绿素a Chl a (mg·g^-1 FW)	叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g^-1 FW)	叶绿素a+b Chl a and Chl b (mg·g^-1 FW)	类胡萝卜素 Chl x∙c (mg·g^-1 FW)
CK		2.44±0.14b	0.27±0.04b	2.71±0.18b	8.94±1.46a
EC		2.51±0.27bc	0.34±0.11b	2.85±0.38b	7.43±1.42a
ET		3.01±0.11a	0.63±0.00a	3.63±0.06a	4.78±2.75b
ECT		2.20±0.03c	0.32±0.04b	2.42±0.21c	7.89±0.71a
P-value	P_T	0.28	0.00	0.08	0.02
	P_CO2	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.17
	P_T×CO2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.05

	处理 Treatment	可溶性总糖含量 Soluble sugar content (mg·g^-1FW)	淀粉含量 Starch content (mg·g^-1FW)	纤维素含量 Cellulose content (mg·g^-1FW)	可溶性蛋白 Soluble protein (mg·g^-1FW)	硝酸还原酶活性 Nitrate reductase activity (μg NO₂^-·g^-1FW·h^-1)
	CK	2.38±0.40d	0.13±0.02b	4.39±1.23a	15.47±2.83b	4.14±0.74a
	EC	7.01±0.59a	0.23±0.09a	4.91±0.90a	21.15±1.18a	1.70±0.02b
	ET	4.36±0.30c	0.13±0.01b	2.79±0.13b	10.80±1.63c	1.84±0.24b
	ECT	5.99±0.72b	0.28±0.03a	3.16±0.99b	8.25±1.15d	1.98±0.34b
P-value	P_T	0.15	0.47	0.02	0.00	0.00
	P_CO2	0.00	0.00	0.51	0.22	0.00
	P_T×CO2	0.00	0.41	0.91	0.01	0.00

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗长 Spike length (cm)	茎粗 Stem-diameter (mm)	节数 Internode number
2017-2018	CK	63.34±0.90ab	7.21±0.16a	3.419±0.072a	4.8±0.1a
	EC	65.76±2.30a	7.64±0.26a	3.458±0.066a	4.9±0.0a
	ET	60.41±0.29b	7.3±0.09a	3.418±0.059a	4.8±0.1a
	ECT	62.83±1.55ab	7.52±0.13a	3.574±0.026a	4.7±0.1a
2019-2020	CK	66.19±2.32bc	9.81±0.20a	3.468±0.166a	5.9±0.1a
	EC	71.26±1.16a	9.08±0.24b	3.520±0.102a	5.9±0.1a
	ET	65.03±0.91c	8.49±0.20bc	3.096±0.114b	5.1±0.1b
	ECT	70.53±1.02ab	8.25±0.18c	3.058±0.077b	5.1±0.1b
P-value	P_year	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.001
	P_T	0.07	0.00	0.01	0.01
	P_CO2	0.00	0.55	0.42	0.00
	P_T×CO2	0.91	0.61	0.91	0.01

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单穗粒数 Grain number per spike	单位面积穗数 Spikes number (No./m²)	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
2017-2018	CK	22.7±1.7ab	327.1±9.8ab	45.44±1.84a
	EC	25.3±1.2a	349.0±23.2a	44.45±0.66a
	ET	21.1±1.0b	292.7±16.4b	43.68±0.74a
	ECT	23.9±0.3ab	344.8±7.3a	44.55±0.66a
2019-2020	CK	45.0±1.4a	230.0±21.9c	43.53±1.12a
	EC	46.3±6.7a	371.5±23.4a	38.39±4.00a
	ET	37.2±4.4a	254.8±11.6bc	37.00±1.55a
	ECT	39.8±2.1a	297.2±12.9b	36.32±0.64a
P-value	P_year	0.00	0.00	0.00
	P_T	0.03	0.08	0.05
	P_CO2	0.21	0.00	0.23
	P_T×CO2	0.83	0.16	0.21

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