西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。

关键词: 水稻, 机插, 田间配置, 微环境, 减穴稳苗

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of reducing hills and stabilizing basic-seedlings (RHSB) on population canopy quality characteristics of mechanical transplanting indica hybrid rice were investigated in this study, which could provide theoretical support for the promotion and application of mechanical transplanting technology of hybrid rice in low-light paddy region of Southwest China. 【Method】 A two-factor random block design experiment with different rice varieties (Fyou 498 is a loose plant type, and Yixiangyou 2115 is a compact upper and drooping lower plant type at middle and late stages) and different basic seedlings rate (42×10⁴/hm² and 63×10⁴/hm²) was conducted to study the effects of different field collocation patterns (conventional field collocation (CFC) and RHSB) on the canopy architecture, photosynthetic characteristics, and microclimate environment (e.g. canopy temperature, humidity, and light transmittances) of mechanical transplanting hybrid rice population in 2016 and 2017. 【Result】(1) Compared with CFC, RHSB with a greater specific leaf weight of the upper three leaves (F_{second leaf}=23.67^** and F_{third leaf}= 16.91^** in 2017) could maintain a similar green leaf area per stem and grain/leaf ratio at heading stage. Compared with CFC, RHSB also led to the 23.84%, 23.53%, and 13.79% significant increase in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of flag leaf at heading stage, respectively. (2) RHSB markedly decreased the canopy convergent index, but increased the canopy amplitude, which increased in light transmittance and ventilation of canopy. RHSB increased the angle of primary tillerings of Fyou 498 at booting stage and heading stage in 2016, but decreased the angle of primary tillerings of Yixiangyou 2115 in 2016 and 2017. (3) Correlation analysis indicated that daily average temperature and diurnal variations of temperature and humidity at booting stage were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the specific leaf weight of the flag leaf and the 2nd leaf at heading stage, but significantly negatively correlated with plant convergent index at heading stage. Furthermore, the daily average temperature and diurnal variations of humidity at booting stage was significantly positively correlated with canopy amplitude at heading stage. Daily average temperature and diurnal variations of temperature at heading stage were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the angle of primary tillering at tilling stage, jointing stage, and 20 d after heading stage. However, the inverse relation was observed by daily average relative humidity. RHSB could optimize the canopy architecture of rice, which contributed to the increase in canopy temperature and diurnal the variations of temperature at booting and heading stages, and increase diurnal the variations of humidity at booting, heading and 20 d after heading stage, but decrease in the relative humidity.【Conclusion】As one of the main technology that improved the mechanization level of rice production in the low-light region of Southwest China, RHSB optimized the population canopy structure and light distribution of mechanical transplanting hybrid rice, which resulted in the increase in the temperature and humidity difference between day and night within the population, and reduced the relative humidity. This contributed to the improvement in the population quality and photosynthetic rate, and contributed to the increase in rice grain yield.

Key words: rice, mechanical transplanting, field collocation pattern, microclimate environment, reducing hills and stabilizing basic-seedlings

陶有凤,蒲石林,周伟,邓飞,钟晓媛,秦琴,任万军. 西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(23): 4969-4983.

TAO YouFeng,PU ShiLin,ZHOU Wei,DENG Fei,ZHONG XiaoYuan,QIN Qin,REN WanJun. Canopy Population Quality Characteristics of Mechanical Transplanting Hybrid Indica Rice with “Reducing Hills and Stabilizing Basic-Seedlings” in Low-Light Region of Southwest China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(23): 4969-4983.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.004

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I23/4969

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	基本苗 Basic seedling	田间配置 Field collocation pattern	栽插规格 Planting specifications (cm×cm)	穴苗数 Seedlings per hill	叶龄 Leaf age	白根数 White root number per plant
2016	F优498 Fyou498	LB	CFC	30×12	1.5	2.72	9.38
	F优498 Fyou498		RHSB	30×23	2.9	2.72	9.38
	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115		CFC	30×12	1.5	2.75	9.77
	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115		RHSB	30×23	2.9	2.75	9.77
2017	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	LB	CFC	30×12	1.5	2.73	9.50
		LB	RHSB	30×23	2.9
		HB	CFC	30×12	2.3
		HB	RHSB	30×23	4.3

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		单茎绿叶面积 Leaf area per stem (cm²/stem)	粒叶比 Ratio of grain weight to leaf area (mg·cm^-2)	比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm^-2)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		单茎绿叶面积 Leaf area per stem (cm²/stem)	粒叶比 Ratio of grain weight to leaf area (mg·cm^-2)	剑叶 FL	倒二叶 L2	倒三叶 L3
2016	F优498 Fyou498	CFC	353.70a	16.54a	4.60a	4.66a	4.80a
	F优498 Fyou498	RHSB	339.10a	17.06a	4.20a	4.39a	4.67a
	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	CFC	339.92a	11.81a	3.37a	3.83a	3.99a
	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	RHSB	384.37a	11.95a	3.35a	3.50a	4.18a
	平均值 Mean	F优498 Fyou498	346.40a	16.80a	4.40a	4.52a	4.74a
		宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	362.15a	11.88b	3.36b	3.66b	4.08b
		CFC	346.81a	14.18a	3.98a	4.24a	4.39a
		RHSB	361.74a	14.51a	3.77a	3.94a	4.43a
	ANOVA	品种 V	1.03	45.24**	13.73*	12.02*	10.28*
		配置 C	0.92	0.20	0.56	1.45	0.03
		品种×配置V×C	3.62	0.7	0.46	0.02	0.61
2017	LB	CFC	331.74a	13.90b	3.62a	4.15b	3.82a
	LB	RHSB	322.64a	16.14a	3.90a	4.42a	4.18a
	HB	CFC	314.67b	14.12a	3.80a	4.26b	4.02b
	HB	RHSB	355.36a	13.14a	4.11a	4.60a	4.67a
	平均值 Mean	LB	327.19a	15.02a	3.76a	4.29a	4.00b
		HB	335.01a	13.63a	3.71a	4.43a	4.34a
		CFC	323.20a	14.01a	3.71a	4.21b	3.92b
		RHSB	339.00a	14.64a	4.01a	4.51a	4.43a
	ANOVA	基本苗 B	0.75	4.72	1.47	5.47	7.61*
		配置C	3.06	0.96	3.66	23.67**	16.91**
		基本苗×配置B×C	7.60*	6.32*	0.01	0.33	1.46

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		分蘖盛期 TS	拔节期 JS	孕穗期 BS	齐穗期 HS	齐穗20d 20dAHS
2016	F优498 Fyou498	CFC	8.42a	20.82a	12.01b	7.32b	—
	F优498 Fyou498	RHSB	4.33b	17.57b	13.97a	9.53a	—
	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	CFC	5.89a	15.51a	10.26a	7.25a	—
	宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	RHSB	4.32b	15.04a	10.30a	5.89a	—
	平均值 Mean	F优498 Fyou498	6. 37a	19.20a	12.99a	8.43a	—
		宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115	5.11b	15.28b	10.28b	6.57b	—
		CFC	7.16a	18.17a	11.14a	7.29a	—
		RHSB	4.32b	16.31b	12.14a	7.71a	—
	ANOVA	品种 V	28.65**	33.41**	25.06**	9.77*	—
		配置 C	142.82**	7.52*	3.43	0.51	—
		品种×配置V×C	28.35**	4.24	3.16	9.01*	—
2017	LB	CFC	6.72a	19.40a	—	13.62a	11.75a
	LB	RHSB	5.41b	15.16b	—	11.12a	9.88b
	HB	CFC	5.74a	14.37a	—	10.38a	7.87a
	HB	RHSB	4.68b	12.47a	—	8.90a	8.01a
	平均值Mean	LB	6.07a	17.28a	—	12.37a	10.81a
		HB	5.21b	13.42b	—	9.64a	7.94b
		CFC	6.23a	16.89a	—	12.00a	9.81a
		RHSB	5.04b	13.82b	—	10.01a	8.94b
	ANOVA	基本苗 B	8.11^*	10.59*	—	3.72	137.34**
		配置C	15.76^**	6.68*	—	1.98	12.53*
		基本苗×配置B×C	0.18	0.97	—	0.13	16.78**

处理 Treatment		日均温Daily average temperature			昼夜温差Diurnal temperature difference
处理 Treatment		孕穗期BS	齐穗期HS	齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS	孕穗期BS	齐穗期HS	齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS
LB	CFC	28.98b	29.42b	24.78a	19.75b	18.08b	5.47a
LB	RHSB	29.81a	30.27a	24.61a	25.73a	25.27a	5.32a
HB	CFC	30.19b	30.47a	24.52a	27.13a	24.80a	5.68b
HB	RHSB	30.53a	31.16a	24.66a	28.18a	27.48a	6.17a
平均值 Mean	LB	29.40b	29.84b	24.70a	22.74b	21.67b	5.40b
	HB	30.36a	30.82a	24.59a	27.65a	26.14a	5.93a
	CFC	29.59b	29.95b	24.65a	23.44b	21.44b	5.58a
	RHSB	30.17a	30.72a	24.64a	26.95a	26.37a	5.75a
ANOVA	基本苗B	153.36**	22.18**	1.01	47.60**	10.42*	14.98**
	配置C	56.49**	13.92**	0.02	24.34**	12.75*	1.50
	基本苗×配置B×C	9.83*	0.15	2.34	11.92*	2.66	5.41

处理 Treatment		日均相对湿度Daily average relative humidity			昼夜湿差Diurnal relative humidity difference
处理 Treatment		孕穗期BS	齐穗期HS	齐穗后20 d 20 dAHS	孕穗期BS	齐穗期HS	齐穗后20 d 20 dAHS
LB	CFC	88.22a	90.71a	98.98a	30.07b	23.03b	1.17b
LB	RHSB	81.70b	84.52b	98.37b	40.88a	40.49a	4.71a
HB	CFC	81.58a	84.13a	98.71a	39.92b	37.40a	3.08a
HB	RHSB	82.24a	82.06a	98.86a	46.34a	40.76a	2.02b
平均值 Mean	LB	84.96a	87.62a	98.67a	35.48b	31.76b	2.94a
	HB	81.91b	83.10b	98.79a	43.13a	39.08a	2.55a
	CFC	84.90a	87.42a	98.84a	35.00b	30.21b	2.12b
	RHSB	81.97b	83.29b	98.61b	43.61a	40.63a	3.36a
ANOVA	基本苗B	27.96**	44.69**	2.06	19.56**	7.65*	2.02
	配置C	25.78**	37.42**	8.40*	24.81**	15.48**	20.07**
	基本苗×配置B×C	38.58**	9.31*	23.04**	1.61	7.09*	69.39**