高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米产量和茎秆显微结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】随着气候的不断变化,高温、干旱及其复合胁迫等极端天气事件频发,对玉米生产提出了严峻的挑战。本文旨在探讨高温、干旱及其复合胁迫对夏玉米茎秆显微结构和产量的影响。【方法】以登海605（DH605）为试验材料,在开花期设置高温（T）、干旱（D）、高温干旱复合胁迫（T+D）,以自然温度和正常水分管理为对照（CK）,处理持续6 d,研究高温、干旱以及高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米茎秆显微结构、干物质积累与分配、光合特性、花粉活力以及产量的影响。【结果】高温干旱复合胁迫后夏玉米皮层厚度、硬皮组织厚度、维管束总数和小维管束数目显著降低,较CK分别下降8.8%、14.1%、9.4%、13.7%。此外,高温干旱后夏玉米花粉活力、光合特性和成熟期总干重显著降低,T、D、T+D各处理花粉活力和净光合速率较CK降低23.1%、8.3%、30.7%和23.7%、16.6%、37.5%,成熟期干物质总积累量较CK降低19.7%、5.1%、26.6%,进而导致产量显著下降,T、D和T+D各处理的产量较CK分别下降63.2%、13.2%和71.7%。【结论】高温、干旱、高温干旱复合胁迫导致夏玉米茎秆发育异常,光合性能下降,干物质积累量减少,产量显著降低,且高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米产量和茎秆显微结构的影响大于高温或干旱单一胁迫。

关键词: 夏玉米, 高温干旱, 茎秆显微结构, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 With the continuous change of climate, the extreme weather events occurred frequently, such as high temperature, drought and their combined stress, which posed a severe challenge to maize production. This study was conducted to explore the effects of high temperature, drought and their combined stress on microstructure of stem, dry matter accumulation and distribution and grain yield of summer maize. 【Method】 Denghai 605 (DH605) was used as the experimental material. Three treatments were conducted as high temperature (T), drought (D), and the compound stress (T+D) during the flowering period for 6 days, and the natural temperature and normal moisture management as control treatment (CK). The effects of high temperature, drought and the compound stress on stem microstructure, dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics, pollen activity and yield of summer maize were investigated. 【Result】 The thickness of the cortex, the thickness of the hard skin, the total number of vascular bundles and the number of small vascular bundles in summer maize were significantly reduced after the combined stress of high temperature and drought, which decreased by 8.8%, 14.1%, 9.4%, and 13.7%, respectively, compared with CK. In addition, after high temperature and drought stress, the pollen viability, the net photosynthetic rate and total dry weight of summer maize decreased significantly, the pollen viability and net photosynthetic rate of T, D and T+D treatments decreased by 23.1%, 8.3%, 30.7% and 23.7%, 16.6%, 37.5%, respectively, compared with CK; The total dry matter accumulation of T, D and T+D at the maturity stage was decreased by 19.7%, 5.1%, and 26.6%, respectively, compared with CK, which led to a significant yield decrease of 63.2%, 13.2%, and 71.7%, respectively, compared with CK. 【Conclusion】 High temperature, drought, and the compound stress significantly caused abnormal stem development of summer maize, the decrease of dry matter accumulation, and a significant decrease of maize yield. The combined effect of high temperature and drought on the yield and resistance of summer maize was greater than the single stress of high temperature or drought.

Key words: summer maize, high temperature and drought, stalk microstructure, yield

邵靖宜,李小凡,于维祯,刘鹏,赵斌,张吉旺,任佰朝. 高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米产量和茎秆显微结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3623-3631.

SHAO JingYi,LI XiaoFan,YU WeiZhen,LIU Peng,ZHAO Bin,ZHANG JiWang,REN BaiZhao. Combined Effects of High Temperature and Drought on Yield and Stem Microstructure of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3623-3631.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.006

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I17/3623

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019	CK	671.3a	362.0a	18808.2a
	T	261.0c	351.2c	7425.0c
	D	507.3b	366.0a	15499.4b
	T+D	268.0c	334.0d	6095.3d
2020	CK	687.0a	338.9a	18272.3a
	T	252.7c	314.2c	6237.2c
	D	640.7b	331.7b	16678.6b
	T+D	220.0c	295.3d	4419.4d

处理 Treatment	高活力 High activity (%)	低活力 Low activity (%)	失活力 Debility (%)
CK	90.3a	6.1d	3.6c
T	69.4c	24.1b	6.5b
D	82.8b	12.7c	3.8c
T+D	62.6d	30.2a	7.2a

时期 Stage	处理 Treatment	气孔导度 Stomatal Conductance (Gs) (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) (µmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾作用 Transpiration rate (Tr) (mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)
VT+7 d	CK	312.3a	32.5a	5.7a
	T	200.3c	24.8c	4.1c
	D	293.7b	27.1b	4.8b
	T+D	138.3d	20.3d	3.0d
R3	CK	164.0a	26.5a	6.7a
	T	112.5c	25.1b	6.0b
	D	143.0b	25.9b	5.4c
	T+D	91.0d	22.4c	5.0d

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎Stem		叶Leaf		轴Cob		籽粒Grain		总干重 Total dry matter （g/plant）
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	(g/plant)	(%)	(g/plant)	(%)	(g/plant)	(%)	(g/plant)	(%)	总干重 Total dry matter （g/plant）
2019	CK	139.4c	31.7c	47.5a	10.8b	32.2c	7.3d	221.1a	50.2a	440.2a
	T	159.5a	39.4a	39.0b	9.6c	38.4a	9.5b	168.1c	41.5c	405.1c
	D	152.0b	36.1b	39.9b	9.5c	35.2b	8.4c	193.6b	46.0b	420.7b
	T+D	132.6d	36.3b	46.6a	12.8a	40.6a	11.1a	145.1d	39.8d	364.9d
2020	CK	178.8b	38.8c	61.0a	13.1c	44.4a	8.9b	186.2a	39.8a	467.4a
	T	183.1a	57.2b	59.5c	18.6b	39.7b	12.4a	37.8c	11.8c	320.1c
	D	171.4d	38.9c	60.1b	13.6c	39.5b	9.0b	169.4b	38.5b	440.4b
	T+D	176.9c	59.2a	59.4c	19.9a	36.1c	12.1a	26.4d	8.8d	298.8d

处理 Treatment	皮层厚度 Cortex thickness (μm)	硬皮组织厚度 Rind thickness (mm)	维管束总数 Total No. of vascular bundle	大维管束数目 Total No. of big vascular bundle	小维管束数目 Total No. of small vascular bundle
CK	94.3a	1.84a	280.5a	90.5a	190.0a
T	93.5a	1.70b	271.0b	92.0a	179.0b
D	89.1b	1.62c	257.0c	91.5a	166.0c
T+D	86.0c	1.58d	254.0c	90.0a	164.0c