中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 801-812.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.003
王永华1,刘焕1,辛明华1,2,黄源1,王壮壮1,王金凤1,段剑钊1,冯伟1,康国章1,郭天财1()
收稿日期:
2018-09-26
接受日期:
2019-01-21
出版日期:
2019-03-01
发布日期:
2019-03-12
通讯作者:
郭天财
作者简介:
王永华,E-mail: 基金资助:
WANG YongHua1,LIU Huan1,XIN MingHua1,2,HUANG Yuan1,WANG ZhuangZhuang1,WANG JinFeng1,DUAN JianZhao1,FENG Wei1,KANG GuoZhang1,GUO TianCai1()
Received:
2018-09-26
Accepted:
2019-01-21
Online:
2019-03-01
Published:
2019-03-12
Contact:
TianCai GUO
摘要: 【目的】 探讨耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响,明确适宜砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。【方法】 于2015—2017年连续2个冬小麦生长季,在豫东南砂姜土区设置旋耕(RT)、深松(SS)2种耕作方式为主处理和拔节期+开花期灌2次水(W2)、拔节期灌1次水(W1)、全生育期不灌水(W0)3种灌水为副处理的二因素裂区试验,深入研究耕作方式与灌水次数的主效应及其互作效应对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响。【结果】 耕作与灌水对砂姜黑土麦田耗水特性、水分利用效率及籽粒产量均具有明显的调控效应。SS较RT处理可显著增加土壤贮水消耗,有利于提高自然降水和灌溉水的利用效率,与RT相比,两年度SS处理的土壤平均贮水消耗量、降水、灌水利用效率分别提高13.69%、7.03%、6.51%;增加灌溉虽可明显增加冬小麦田间耗水量,但过多灌溉致使水分利用效率降低,两年度W2较W1、W0的水分利用效率平均值分别下降18.85%、16.69%。SS处理的籽粒产量显著高于RT处理,且以深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1的产量最高。相同耕作方式下,随灌水次数的增加,千粒重呈降低趋势,成穗数呈增加趋势;两年度穗粒数变化总体随灌水次数的增加呈先升后降的变化规律。耕作方式主要通过调控千粒重影响产量,灌水次数则主要通过调控穗粒数和千粒重而影响产量,但灌水过多会抑制穗粒数和千粒重的提高。【结论】 综合考虑耕作方式与灌水次数对冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的调控效应,深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1可作为适宜豫东南砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。
王永华,刘焕,辛明华,黄源,王壮壮,王金凤,段剑钊,冯伟,康国章,郭天财. 耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用及 籽粒产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 801-812.
WANG YongHua,LIU Huan,XIN MingHua,HUANG Yuan,WANG ZhuangZhuang,WANG JinFeng,DUAN JianZhao,FENG Wei,KANG GuoZhang,GUO TianCai. Effects of Tillage Practices and Irrigation Times on Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Lime Concretion Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 801-812.
表1
耕作前后不同土层土壤容重"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 时间 Time | 土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm-3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0—20 cm | 20—40 cm | 40—60 cm | 60—80 cm | 80—100 cm | |||
2015-2016 | SS | 耕作前Before tillage | 1.38 | 1.44 | 1.42 | 1.55 | 1.67 |
收获后 After harvesting | 1.37 | 1.47 | 1.39 | 1.45 | 1.57 | ||
RT | 耕作前 Before tillage | 1.43 | 1.53 | 1.45 | 1.55 | 1.67 | |
收获后 After harvesting | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.25 | 1.51 | 1.64 | ||
2016-2017 | SS | 耕作前 Before tillage | 1.36 | 1.46 | 1.40 | 1.44 | 1.58 |
收获后 After harvesting | 1.44 | 1.50 | 1.41 | 1.52 | 1.62 | ||
RT | 耕作前 Before tillage | 1.50 | 1.48 | 1.35 | 1.51 | 1.63 | |
收获后 After harvesting | 1.49 | 1.52 | 1.43 | 1.57 | 1.65 |
表3
两年度各处理田间基本苗及播前各土层土壤含水量"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 基本苗数 Basic seeding number (104·hm-2) | 土壤含水量 Soil moisture content (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-20 cm | 20-40 cm | 40-60 cm | 60-80 cm | 80-100 cm | ||||
2015-2016 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 251.04 | 32.87 | 33.66 | 31.8 | 25.38 | 22.32 |
W1 | 258.84 | 32.87 | 33.66 | 31.8 | 25.38 | 22.32 | ||
W2 | 278.11 | 32.87 | 33.66 | 31.8 | 25.38 | 22.32 | ||
深松SS | W0 | 283.1 | 31.89 | 32.73 | 30.64 | 23.96 | 20.5 | |
W1 | 285.37 | 31.89 | 32.73 | 30.64 | 23.96 | 20.5 | ||
W2 | 308.11 | 31.89 | 32.73 | 30.64 | 23.96 | 20.5 | ||
2016-2017 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 331.42 | 31.85 | 32.62 | 30.81 | 24.6 | 21.63 |
W1 | 337.1 | 31.77 | 32.54 | 30.74 | 24.53 | 21.57 | ||
W2 | 338.81 | 32.55 | 33.34 | 31.5 | 25.14 | 22.1 | ||
深松SS | W0 | 333.12 | 30.42 | 31.22 | 29.22 | 22.86 | 19.55 | |
W1 | 339.37 | 31.91 | 32.75 | 30.66 | 23.98 | 20.51 | ||
W2 | 344.3 | 31.91 | 32.75 | 30.66 | 23.98 | 20.51 |
表4
不同处理下地下水补给量"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 总地下水补给水量 Total groundwater replenishment (kg·hm-2) | 播种-拔节地下水补给水量 Sowing-jointing groundwater replenishment (kg·hm-2) | 拔节-开花地下水补给水量 Jointing-anthesis groundwater replenishment (kg·hm-2) | 开花-成熟地下水补给水量 Anthesis-maturity groundwater replenishment (kg·hm-2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015-2016 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 27.15 | 71.85 | 36.3 | -81 |
W1 | 27 | 67.95 | 36.75 | -77.7 | ||
W2 | 27.15 | 67.95 | 36.9 | -77.85 | ||
深松SS | W0 | 27 | 55.65 | 30.15 | -58.8 | |
W1 | 27 | 49.2 | 32.7 | -54.9 | ||
W2 | 27.15 | 52.8 | 31.35 | -57 | ||
2016-2017 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 146.4 | 76.65 | 131.25 | -61.5 |
W1 | 152.85 | 82.95 | 104.1 | -34.2 | ||
W2 | 153.15 | 82.95 | 40.5 | 29.7 | ||
深松SS | W0 | 182.25 | 107.25 | 183 | -108 | |
W1 | 185.85 | 106.8 | 277.95 | -198.9 | ||
W2 | 189.45 | 110.7 | 160.5 | -81.75 |
表5
耕作与灌水处理对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分效率的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm·hm-2) | 降雨量 Precipitation (mm·hm-2) | 灌水量 Irrigation content (mm·hm-2) | 土壤贮水消耗量 Soil water consumption (mm·hm-2) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 土壤水分利用效率 WUES (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 降水水分利用效率 WUEP (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 灌水利用效率 WUEI (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015- 2016 | 旋耕 RT | W0 | 5867.25f | 4219.50 | 0 | 1647.75c | 16.09b | 72.15ab | 20.71d | 0 |
W1 | 8210.70d | 4219.50 | 1125 | 1741.2bc | 16.57b | 73.08a | 25.88b | 124.53b | ||
W2 | 9310.50b | 4219.50 | 2250 | 1716.15bc | 13.26d | 68.40cd | 23.29c | 56.05d | ||
深松 SS | W0 | 6098.85e | 4219.50 | 0 | 1879.35ab | 16.59b | 62.96e | 22.53c | 0 | |
W1 | 8429.25c | 4219.50 | 1125 | 1959.9a | 17.25a | 70.36bc | 27.59a | 132.79a | ||
W2 | 9470.55a | 4219.50 | 2250 | 1876.2ab | 14.29c | 67.10d | 25.71b | 61.85c | ||
耕作T | 24.65*** | 24.65*** | 22.54*** | 44.83*** | 56.40*** | 18.68*** | ||||
灌水I | 2410.79*** | 1.53 | 155.01*** | 17.02*** | 126.19*** | 4703.09*** | ||||
耕作×灌水T×I | 0.29 | 0.29 | 1.01 | 13.62*** | 0.68 | 5.1* | ||||
2016- 2017 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 6967.35f | 5542.50 | 0 | 1553.85e | 16.69b | 59.48bc | 23.21e | 0 |
W1 | 9580.20d | 5542.50 | 1125 | 1916.85c | 17.04ab | 69.44a | 28.61b | 107.30b | ||
W2 | 10632.15b | 5542.50 | 2250 | 1843.8d | 13.81c | 65.88ab | 26.79c | 50.24c | ||
深松SS | W0 | 7350.90e | 5542.50 | 0 | 1937.4c | 17.18ab | 55.80c | 24.83d | 0 | |
W1 | 9786.60c | 5542.50 | 1125 | 2123.1a | 17.47a | 65.20ab | 30.24a | 113.44a | ||
W2 | 10861.95a | 5542.50 | 2250 | 2073.75b | 14.08c | 62.90b | 27.85b | 52.22c | ||
耕作T | 443.3*** | 443.3*** | 5.02* | 5.13* | 31.29*** | 18.34*** | ||||
灌水I | 26889.15*** | 164.18*** | 139.93*** | 12.78*** | 149.69*** | 10165.77*** | ||||
耕作×灌水T×I | 18.32*** | 18.32*** | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.55 | 8.20** |
表6
耕作与灌水对砂姜黑土冬小麦不同生育阶段水分消耗的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatments | 播种-拔节 Sowing-Jointing | 拔节-开花 Jointing-Anthesis | 开花-成熟 Anthesis-Maturity | 总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm·hm-2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
耗水量 Water consumption (mm·hm-2) | 占比 percent (%) | 耗水量 Water consumption (mm·hm-2) | 占比 Percent (%) | 耗水量 Water consumption (mm·hm-2) | 占比 Percent (%) | ||||
2015-2016 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 2308.65a | 39.35a | 1230.90b | 20.98c | 2327.70c | 39.67c | 5867.25f |
W1 | 2323.65a | 28.30b | 2301.45a | 28.03a | 3585.60b | 43.68b | 8210.7c | ||
W2 | 2338.65a | 25.12c | 2284.20a | 24.53b | 4687.50a | 50.35a | 9310.50b | ||
深松SS | W0 | 2462.85a | 40.37a | 1238.40b | 20.32c | 2397.45c | 39.31c | 6098.85e | |
W1 | 2463.60a | 29.21b | 2354.10a | 27.93a | 3612.15b | 42.86b | 8429.25c | ||
W2 | 2471.25a | 26.00c | 2291.10a | 24.19b | 4716.60a | 49.81a | 9470.55a | ||
耕作T | 13.31** | 6.92* | 0.84 | 0.97 | 4.93* | 3.44 | 24.65*** | ||
灌水I | 0.05 | 585.01*** | 859.91*** | 127.7*** | 5147.75*** | 400.14*** | 2410.79*** | ||
耕作×灌水T×I | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.29 | ||
2016-2017 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 3148.35d | 45.19b | 1611.60e | 23.13c | 2207.40c | 31.68c | 6967.35f |
W1 | 3424.95bc | 35.75c | 2768.25b | 28.90a | 3386.85b | 35.35b | 9580.20d | ||
W2 | 3461.10b | 32.55d | 2647.05c | 24.90b | 4524.00a | 42.55a | 10632.15b | ||
深松SS | W0 | 3374.70c | 45.91a | 1738.65d | 23.65c | 2237.55c | 30.44d | 7350.90e | |
W1 | 3444.30bc | 35.19c | 2881.80a | 29.45a | 3460.50b | 35.36b | 9786.60c | ||
W2 | 3558.00a | 32.76d | 2734.05b | 25.17b | 4569.90a | 42.07a | 10861.95a | ||
耕作T | 29.36*** | 0.42 | 32.83*** | 3.64 | 5.53* | 4.75* | 443.3*** | ||
灌水I | 48.61*** | 1755.29*** | 1451.58*** | 212.67*** | 3998.29*** | 624.94*** | 26889.15*** | ||
耕作×灌水T×I | 8.22** | 3.93* | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 1.92 | 18.32*** |
表7
耕作与灌水对砂姜黑土冬小麦产量及产量构成因素的调控效应"
年份 Years | 处理 Treatment | 成穗数 Spike number (104·hm-2) | 穗粒数 Kernel number per spike | 千粒重 1000 grain weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015-2016 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 497.4b | 38.70ab | 45.41ab | 6528.60e |
W1 | 536.77ab | 37.45bc | 41.69cd | 8046.90b | ||
W2 | 534.39ab | 35.6c | 40.51d | 7536.15c | ||
深松SS | W0 | 536.18ab | 38.92ab | 46.35a | 6984.60d | |
W1 | 569.49a | 40.48a | 43.56bc | 8507.85a | ||
W2 | 573.53a | 37.59bc | 42.07cd | 7833.30b | ||
耕作T | 5.521* | 8.926* | 8.49* | 31.29*** | ||
灌水I | 2.438 | 6.881* | 29.825** | 149.69*** | ||
耕作×灌水T×I | 0.018 | 1.967 | 0.299 | 0.55 | ||
2016-2017 | 旋耕RT | W0 | 659.88c | 30.87c | 42.74ab | 7474.23d |
W1 | 717.78abc | 36.34a | 39.97cd | 9339.25b | ||
W2 | 726.12ab | 33.71b | 38.22d | 8407.08c | ||
深松SS | W0 | 683.98bc | 29.43c | 44.94a | 8129.27c | |
W1 | 732.83ab | 36.67a | 41.20bc | 9958.63a | ||
W2 | 770.82a | 33.50b | 40.01cd | 9277.32b | ||
耕作T | 3.22 | 0.43 | 6.59* | 56.40*** | ||
灌水I | 8.46** | 29.97*** | 16.92** | 126.19*** | ||
耕作×灌水T×I | 0.32 | 0.61 | 0.18 | 0.68 |
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