耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用及 籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响,明确适宜砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。【方法】于2015—2017年连续2个冬小麦生长季,在豫东南砂姜土区设置旋耕（RT）、深松（SS）2种耕作方式为主处理和拔节期+开花期灌2次水（W2）、拔节期灌1次水（W1）、全生育期不灌水（W0）3种灌水为副处理的二因素裂区试验,深入研究耕作方式与灌水次数的主效应及其互作效应对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响。【结果】耕作与灌水对砂姜黑土麦田耗水特性、水分利用效率及籽粒产量均具有明显的调控效应。SS较RT处理可显著增加土壤贮水消耗,有利于提高自然降水和灌溉水的利用效率,与RT相比,两年度SS处理的土壤平均贮水消耗量、降水、灌水利用效率分别提高13.69%、7.03%、6.51%;增加灌溉虽可明显增加冬小麦田间耗水量,但过多灌溉致使水分利用效率降低,两年度W2较W1、W0的水分利用效率平均值分别下降18.85%、16.69%。SS处理的籽粒产量显著高于RT处理,且以深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1的产量最高。相同耕作方式下,随灌水次数的增加,千粒重呈降低趋势,成穗数呈增加趋势;两年度穗粒数变化总体随灌水次数的增加呈先升后降的变化规律。耕作方式主要通过调控千粒重影响产量,灌水次数则主要通过调控穗粒数和千粒重而影响产量,但灌水过多会抑制穗粒数和千粒重的提高。【结论】综合考虑耕作方式与灌水次数对冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的调控效应,深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1可作为适宜豫东南砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。

关键词: 冬小麦, 耕作方式, 灌水次数, 水分利用效率, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

【Objective】This research was conducted to explore the effects of tillage practices and irrigation times on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil, and to identify an optimal tillage and irrigation combination mode of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil with high yield and water use efficiency simultaneously. 【Method】The two-factor split plot experiment was persistently performed in the lime concretion black soil in the southeast area of Henan province during two continuous winter wheat growing seasons (2015-2017). In this experiment, the two tillage practice treatments, including rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling (SS), were set as the main treatment. The three soil moisture treatments, including twice irrigation at jointing and anthesis, once irrigation at jointing, no irrigation, expressed as W2, W1, W0, respectively, were set as secondary treatment, deeply exploring the effects of tillage practices and irrigation times and their interaction effects on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil. 【Result】 Tillage and irrigation had obvious regulation effects on water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency and grain yield of wheat in lime concretion black soil. Compared with RT, SS could significantly increase soil water storage consumption, which was beneficial to increase the utilization efficiency of precipitation and irrigation water, and the soil water storage consumption, precipitation and irrigation water use efficiency increased by 13.69%, 7.03%, 6.51% in two-year degrees, respectively. Although increasing irrigation could significantly promote water consumption in winter wheat fields, excessive irrigation resulted in lower water use efficiency. Compared with W1 and W0, the average soil water storage consumption and water use efficiency of W2 decreased by 18.85% and 16.69% in two-year degrees, respectively. The grain yield of SS treatment was significantly higher than that of RT treatment and the yield of the combination treatment subsoiling, and once irrigation at jointing (SSW1) was the highest. Under the same tillage practice, the 1000-grain weight decreased and the number of grains per spike increased with the increase of irrigation times. The variation of grain number per spike in the two years increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of irrigation times. The tillage practice mainly affected the final yield by regulating 1000-grain weight and the irrigation times mainly affected the yield by regulating the grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight, but excessive irrigation would resist the increase of grain number and 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】Based on the regulating effects of tillage practices and irrigation times on water use efficiency and grain yield, the SSW1 treatment could help synchronously to improve the grain yield and water use efficiency. This can be an optimal model of tillage and irrigation combination treatment of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil area of southeast Henan province.

Key words: winter wheat, tillage practice, irrigation times, water use efficiency, grain yield

王永华,刘焕,辛明华,黄源,王壮壮,王金凤,段剑钊,冯伟,康国章,郭天财. 耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用及籽粒产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 801-812.

WANG YongHua,LIU Huan,XIN MingHua,HUANG Yuan,WANG ZhuangZhuang,WANG JinFeng,DUAN JianZhao,FENG Wei,KANG GuoZhang,GUO TianCai. Effects of Tillage Practices and Irrigation Times on Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Lime Concretion Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 801-812.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	0—20 cm	20—40 cm	40—60 cm	60—80 cm	80—100 cm
2015-2016	SS	耕作前Before tillage	1.38	1.44	1.42	1.55	1.67
	SS	收获后 After harvesting	1.37	1.47	1.39	1.45	1.57
	RT	耕作前 Before tillage	1.43	1.53	1.45	1.55	1.67
	RT	收获后 After harvesting	1.48	1.46	1.25	1.51	1.64
2016-2017	SS	耕作前 Before tillage	1.36	1.46	1.40	1.44	1.58
	SS	收获后 After harvesting	1.44	1.50	1.41	1.52	1.62
	RT	耕作前 Before tillage	1.50	1.48	1.35	1.51	1.63
	RT	收获后 After harvesting	1.49	1.52	1.43	1.57	1.65

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	田间持水量 Field water-holding capacity (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	0-20 cm	20-40 cm	40-60 cm	60-80 cm	80-100 cm
2015-2016	SS	34.26	33.35	32.29	31.36	28.27
2015-2016	RT	34.02	33.17	31.86	29.66	26.91
2016-2017	SS	34.19	34.03	32.26	29.71	27.57
2016-2017	RT	33.50	33.43	31.39	29.23	28.42

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		基本苗数 Basic seeding number (10⁴·hm^-2)	土壤含水量 Soil moisture content (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		基本苗数 Basic seeding number (10⁴·hm^-2)	0-20 cm	20-40 cm	40-60 cm	60-80 cm	80-100 cm
2015-2016	旋耕RT	W0	251.04	32.87	33.66	31.8	25.38	22.32
		W1	258.84	32.87	33.66	31.8	25.38	22.32
		W2	278.11	32.87	33.66	31.8	25.38	22.32
	深松SS	W0	283.1	31.89	32.73	30.64	23.96	20.5
		W1	285.37	31.89	32.73	30.64	23.96	20.5
		W2	308.11	31.89	32.73	30.64	23.96	20.5
2016-2017	旋耕RT	W0	331.42	31.85	32.62	30.81	24.6	21.63
		W1	337.1	31.77	32.54	30.74	24.53	21.57
		W2	338.81	32.55	33.34	31.5	25.14	22.1
	深松SS	W0	333.12	30.42	31.22	29.22	22.86	19.55
		W1	339.37	31.91	32.75	30.66	23.98	20.51
		W2	344.3	31.91	32.75	30.66	23.98	20.51

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		总地下水补给水量 Total groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)	播种-拔节地下水补给水量 Sowing-jointing groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)	拔节-开花地下水补给水量 Jointing-anthesis groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)	开花-成熟地下水补给水量 Anthesis-maturity groundwater replenishment (kg·hm^-2)
2015-2016	旋耕RT	W0	27.15	71.85	36.3	-81
		W1	27	67.95	36.75	-77.7
		W2	27.15	67.95	36.9	-77.85
	深松SS	W0	27	55.65	30.15	-58.8
		W1	27	49.2	32.7	-54.9
		W2	27.15	52.8	31.35	-57
2016-2017	旋耕RT	W0	146.4	76.65	131.25	-61.5
		W1	152.85	82.95	104.1	-34.2
		W2	153.15	82.95	40.5	29.7
	深松SS	W0	182.25	107.25	183	-108
		W1	185.85	106.8	277.95	-198.9
		W2	189.45	110.7	160.5	-81.75

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	降雨量 Precipitation (mm·hm^-2)	灌水量 Irrigation content (mm·hm^-2)	土壤贮水消耗量 Soil water consumption (mm·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	土壤水分利用效率 WUE_S (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	降水水分利用效率 WUE_P (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	灌水利用效率 WUE_I (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2015- 2016	旋耕 RT	W0	5867.25f	4219.50	0	1647.75c	16.09b	72.15ab	20.71d	0
2015- 2016		W1	8210.70d	4219.50	1125	1741.2bc	16.57b	73.08a	25.88b	124.53b
		W2	9310.50b	4219.50	2250	1716.15bc	13.26d	68.40cd	23.29c	56.05d
	深松 SS	W0	6098.85e	4219.50	0	1879.35ab	16.59b	62.96e	22.53c	0
		W1	8429.25c	4219.50	1125	1959.9a	17.25a	70.36bc	27.59a	132.79a
		W2	9470.55a	4219.50	2250	1876.2ab	14.29c	67.10d	25.71b	61.85c
	耕作T		24.65***			24.65***	22.54***	44.83***	56.40***	18.68***
	灌水I		2410.79***			1.53	155.01***	17.02***	126.19***	4703.09***
	耕作×灌水T×I		0.29			0.29	1.01	13.62***	0.68	5.1*
2016- 2017	旋耕RT	W0	6967.35f	5542.50	0	1553.85e	16.69b	59.48bc	23.21e	0
2016- 2017		W1	9580.20d	5542.50	1125	1916.85c	17.04ab	69.44a	28.61b	107.30b
		W2	10632.15b	5542.50	2250	1843.8d	13.81c	65.88ab	26.79c	50.24c
	深松SS	W0	7350.90e	5542.50	0	1937.4c	17.18ab	55.80c	24.83d	0
		W1	9786.60c	5542.50	1125	2123.1a	17.47a	65.20ab	30.24a	113.44a
		W2	10861.95a	5542.50	2250	2073.75b	14.08c	62.90b	27.85b	52.22c
	耕作T		443.3***			443.3***	5.02*	5.13*	31.29***	18.34***
	灌水I		26889.15***			164.18***	139.93***	12.78***	149.69***	10165.77***
	耕作×灌水T×I		18.32***			18.32***	0.13	0.05	0.55	8.20**