26年来东北黑土区土壤养分演变特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.11.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】东北黑土区土壤肥沃，是中国重要的粮食主产区之一。对东北黑土区20世纪80年代以来国家级耕地质量长期监测数据进行整理和分析，以明确中国东北黑土区农业生产实践中土壤养分状况和肥力水平，为农田土壤培肥提供科学指导依据。【方法】利用时间趋势分析法探讨17个国家级黑土耕地质量长期监测点26年来土壤养分随时间的变化趋势，分别总结土壤有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）含量在监测初期（1988—1997年）、监测中期（1998—2003年）和监测后期（2004—2013年）的变化规律及其总体变化趋势；在分析土壤全氮和有机碳含量变化特征以及碳氮比（C/N）演变规律的基础上，进一步分析碳和氮之间的养分平衡关系；运用主成分分析方法分析不同监测时期上述5大肥力指标对黑土区土壤综合肥力的影响，得出该区综合肥力主要贡献因子，并分别计算3个不同监测时期黑土区土壤综合肥力属性得分。【结果】黑土区农田土壤经过10—26年的演变，土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量整体呈上升趋势。与监测初期相比，监测后期土壤养分含量均显著提高（P＜0.05），土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾分别提高了33.9%、43.9%、27.6%、90.3%和11.8%，有效磷提升效果最为显著。进一步分析土壤有效磷含量发现，监测后期71.4%的监测点土壤有效磷含量维持在15.0—50.0 mg·kg^-1，既能满足作物生长需求，又不至于引发地下水环境污染，而28.6%的监测点土壤有效磷含量已超过50.0 mg·kg^-1的环境阈值，应及时控制磷素的输入。分析主要肥力因素有机碳和全氮之间的关系表明，黑土区土壤C/N略有下降趋势，从1988年的10.3降至2013年的9.6，下降了6.8%。黑土区5个肥力指标得分系数由大到小的顺序为：SOM＞TN＞AN＞AP＞AK，说明黑土区土壤有机质和全氮是影响土壤综合肥力的关键因素；监测初期和监测中期土壤综合肥力属性得分平均值分别为-1.099和-0.541，而监测后期土壤综合肥力属性的得分增加到了0.5888，监测后期土壤综合肥力得到显著提升。【结论】在农民常规施肥条件下，经过10—26年的长期耕作，黑土区土壤肥力在监测后期得到显著改善，但28.6%的监测点应注意控制磷肥用量，以免引起水体污染；而监测区黑土C/N呈逐年下降趋势，应该加大有机物料的投入，以维持土壤碳氮的养分平衡。

关键词: 黑土, 常规施肥, 长期监测, 有效磷, 碳氮比

Abstract: 【Objective】Relying on fertile black soil resources, northeastern China has developed the biggest grain bases. Clarifying the characteristic of black soil fertility nutrients is essential for soil fertility improvement and maintenance in Northeast China. A long-term cultivated land quality monitoring experiment established in the 1980s was used to investigate the changes in soil nutrients and fertility in the black soil region.【Method】A temporal variation descriptive statistics analysis was conducted to explore the changes in soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK), for three time intervals, including the first (1988-1997), middle (1998-2003) and final (2004-2013) monitoring period, during the study. The changes in soil carbon, nitrogen and carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) were analyzed so as to investigate relationship between the carbon and nitrogen budgets. Finally, principal component analysis was used to determine factors contributing to soil fertility, and the general scores of soil fertility at three monitoring periods were calculated. 【Result】 All soil nutrient concentrations showed increased with time and overall soil fertility improved after 10 to 26 years. The SOM, TN, AN, AP and AK significantly increased between the first (1988-1997) and final (2004-2013) monitoring period by 33.9%, 43.9%, 27.6%, 90.3% and 11.8%, respectively. Further analysis indicated that the AP concentrations of 71.4% monitoring sites maintained at a level of 15.0 to 50.0 mg·kg^-1, which meets crop nutrients requirement and would not be expected cause the ground or surface water pollution. However, the concentrations of AP at 28.6% of the monitoring sites exceeded the environmental threshold and some measures should be taken to reduce P fertilizer inputs in these sites. The ratio of C/N decreased with time from 10.3 in 1988 to 9.6 in 2013, decreased by 6.8%. Principal component analysis indicated that SOM and TN were the main factors contributing to soil fertility of the monitoring sites and the 5 fertility factors displayed an order of SOM＞TN＞AN＞AP＞AK. The average general scores of soil fertility at the first and middle monitoring periods were -1.099 and -0.541, respectively, while the black soil fertility has improved significantly and the score increased to 0.5888 at the final monitoring period.【Conclusion】Current farm fertilizer management improved black soil fertility, however a small proportion (28.6%) required better P fertilizer management so as to decrease the risk of ground or surface water pollution. More organic materials should be applied to the black soil to maintain the balance of soil C/N ratio and improve soil fertility.

Key words: black soil, conventional fertilization, long-term monitoring, available phosphorus, soil C/N ratio

康日峰，任意，吴会军，张淑香. 26年来东北黑土区土壤养分演变特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(11): 2113-2125.

KANG Ri-feng, REN Yi, WU Hui-jun, ZHANG Shu-xiang. Changes in the Nutrients and Fertility of Black Soil over 26 Years in Northeast China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(11): 2113-2125.

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