冷季补饲对放牧牦牛生长性能、甲烷排放及经济效益的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.019

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (20): 4684-4696.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.019

• 专题：农食系统低碳转型与反刍动物甲烷减排的理论、技术与实践 • 上一篇

冷季补饲对放牧牦牛生长性能、甲烷排放及经济效益的影响

马志远¹(), 鹿琳¹, 曹泽¹, 宫焕宇¹, 王文博¹, 冉雅楠¹, 米见对², 景小平³, 何小强⁴, 龙瑞军¹()

¹ 草业创新与草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室/兰州大学生态学院，兰州 730000
² 动物疫病防控全国重点实验室/兰州大学动物医学与生物安全学院，兰州 730000
³ 兰州大学一带一路研究中心，兰州 730000
⁴ 阿坝州农业科学研究院，四川阿坝藏族羌族自治州 624000

收稿日期:2026-06-08 接受日期:2026-08-11 出版日期:2026-10-21 发布日期:2026-10-21
通信作者:
龙瑞军，E-mail：longrj@lzu.edu.cn
联系方式: 马志远，E-mail：mazhy22@lzu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1200904); 西藏牦牛优异性状形成的瘤胃微生物学机制(XZ202502ZY0058); 国际原子能机构（IAEA）协调研究活动项目(CRP D31031)

Effects of Cold-Season Supplementary Feeding on Growth Performance, Methane Emissions, and Economic Benefits of Grazing Yaks

MA ZhiYuan¹(), LU Lin¹, CAO Ze¹, GONG HuanYu¹, WANG WenBo¹, RAN YaNan¹, MI JianDui², JING XiaoPing³, HE XiaoQiang⁴, LONG RuiJun¹()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems/College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000
² State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention/College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000
³ Research Center for the Belt and Road of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000
⁴ Aba Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture 624000, Sichuan

Received:2026-06-08 Accepted:2026-08-11 Published:2026-10-21 Online:2026-10-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【背景】牦牛是青藏高原特有的气候智慧型反刍家畜，但冷季牧草营养供给不足，易导致牦牛掉膘、健康状况下降和生产性能受限。采取适宜的冷季补饲措施，改善营养供给，提高牦牛冷季生产性能并降低甲烷（CH₄）排放强度，是促进高原畜牧业健康高效和绿色低碳发展的重要途径。【目的】通过系统探究冷季补饲对放牧牦牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数、CH₄排放量及经济效益的影响，以期为推动我国畜牧业绿色低碳转型、助力“双碳”目标实现以及保障生态安全与粮食安全提供科学依据。【方法】采用单因素完全随机试验设计，选取20头年龄相同、体重相近的健康公牦牛（3岁，（278±9.4）kg），随机分为对照组（CON）和补饲组（GSG），每组10头。GSG组牦牛每天归牧后单独补饲精料1.0 kg·头^-1·d^-1；CON组不进行额外补饲，仅采食天然牧草。试验期共40 d，其中预试期10 d，正试期30 d。采用SF₆示踪技术连续测定7 d的牦牛CH₄排放量，并于试验末期采集瘤胃液和粪便样品，用于营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的测定；同时结合试验期CH₄排放量、体重和采食量计算CH₄排放强度。【结果】与CON组相比：（1）补饲精料显著提高了放牧牦牛的总增重和平均日增重（P<0.001），使其体重基本维持稳定；同时显著提高了干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、粗蛋白（CP）和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）的表观消化率（P<0.05）。（2）补饲精料显著提高了瘤胃液微生物蛋白（MCP）含量、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸和异戊酸浓度（P<0.05）。（3）补饲精料对放牧牦牛CH₄日排放量和单位代谢体重CH₄排放强度（CH₄/BW^0.75）无显著影响（P>0.10），但显著降低了每单位干物质采食量CH₄排放强度（CH₄/DMI）（P<0.05）。（4）经济效益分析表明，补饲精料可使冷季放牧牦牛养殖损失降低79.1%。【结论】冷季条件下，放牧牦牛每头每天补饲1.0 kg精料可提高饲草营养物质利用效率，改善其生产性能，并通过调节瘤胃发酵模式降低单位干物质采食量CH₄排放强度，从而实现生产、经济与生态效益的协同提升。

关键词: 冷季补饲, 放牧牦牛, SF₆示踪技术, 甲烷排放, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Background】Yaks are climate-smart ruminant livestock species endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, insufficient forage nutrient supply during the cold season often leads to body weight loss, impaired health status, and restricted productive performance in grazing yaks. Therefore, appropriate cold-season supplementation to improve nutrient supply, enhance productive performance, and reduce methane (CH₄) emission intensity is an important strategy for promoting healthy, efficient, green, and low-carbon development of plateau animal husbandry. 【Objective】This study systematically investigated the effects of cold-season supplementation on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, CH₄ emissions, and economic benefits in grazing yaks, with the aim of providing scientific evidence for promoting the green and low-carbon transition of animal husbandry, supporting the “dual carbon” goals, and safeguarding ecological and food security.【Method】A single-factor completely randomized experimental design was adopted. Twenty healthy male yaks of the same age and similar body weight were selected and randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or a concentrate-supplemented group (GSG), with 10 animals per group. The yaks were 3 years old and had an average body weight of (278 ± 9.4) kg. After daily grazing, yaks in the GSG group were individually supplemented with 1.0 kg concentrate per head per day, whereas those in the CON group received no additional supplementation and grazed natural pasture only. The trial lasted 40 days, including a 10-day adaptation period and a 30-day experimental period. Methane emissions were continuously measured for 7 days using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) tracer technique, and rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected at the end of the trial for the determination of apparent nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters. Methane emission intensity was calculated based on CH₄ emissions, body weight, and dry matter intake during the experimental period. 【Result】Compared with the CON group, concentrate supplementation significantly increased total weight gain and average daily gain in grazing yaks (P<0.001), enabling the animals to maintain body weight rather than lose condition during the cold season. Concentrate supplementation also significantly improved the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P<0.05). In addition, concentrate supplementation significantly increased the concentration of microbial crude protein (MCP) in rumen fluid and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate (P<0.05). Concentrate supplementation had no significant effect on daily CH₄ emissions or CH₄ emission intensity per unit of metabolic body weight (CH₄/BW^0.75; P>0.10), but significantly reduced CH₄ emission intensity per unit of dry matter intake (CH₄/DMI; P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that concentrate supplementation reduced economic losses in cold-season grazing yaks by 79.1%. 【Conclusion】Under cold-season grazing conditions, supplementation with 1.0 kg concentrate per yak per day improved forage nutrient utilization efficiency, enhanced productive performance, and reduced CH₄ emission intensity per unit of dry matter intake by modulating rumen fermentation patterns. These findings suggest that moderate concentrate supplementation could contribute to the coordinated improvement of productive, economic, and ecological benefits in yak production systems.

Key words: cold season supplementary feeding, grazing yaks, SF₆ tracer technique, methane emission, economic benefit

马志远, 鹿琳, 曹泽, 宫焕宇, 王文博, 冉雅楠, 米见对, 景小平, 何小强, 龙瑞军. 冷季补饲对放牧牦牛生长性能、甲烷排放及经济效益的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(20): 4684-4696.

MA ZhiYuan, LU Lin, CAO Ze, GONG HuanYu, WANG WenBo, RAN YaNan, MI JianDui, JING XiaoPing, HE XiaoQiang, LONG RuiJun. Effects of Cold-Season Supplementary Feeding on Growth Performance, Methane Emissions, and Economic Benefits of Grazing Yaks[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4684-4696.

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原料 Ingredient (%)	天然牧草 Pasture	精料补充料 Concentrate supplement	营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾	天然牧草 Pasture	精料补充料 Concentrate supplement
玉米 Corn	-	45.00	粗蛋白 CP (%)	4.89	20.0
豆粕 Soybean meal	-	12.56	中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%)	59.2	37.0
麸皮 Wheat bran	-	10.64	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%)	37.8	12.5
小麦 Wheat	-	6.80	粗脂肪 EE (%)	1.42	2.22
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	-	8.50	粗灰分 Ash (%)	7.68	7.77
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	-	12.50	钙 Ca (%)	1.30	1.80
磷酸氢钙 Dicalcium phosphate	-	1.20	磷 P (%)	0.40	0.43
氯化钠 Sodium chloride	-	0.80	总能 GE (MJ·kg^-1)	16.9	17.0
预混料 Premix¹⁾	-	2.00

牦牛编号 Yak number	渗透管号 Permeation tube number	线性回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数 R²	渗透速率 Permeation Rate (mg·d^-1)
C1	Y40	y=-0.0035x+59.523	0.9989	3.5
C2	Y8	y=-0.0039x+59.865	0.9991	3.9
C3	Y13	y=-0.0032x+58.691	0.9992	3.2
C4	Y50	y=-0.0033x+59.982	0.9990	3.3
C5	Y6	y=-0.0034x+59.988	0.9992	3.4
C6	Y17	y=-0.0027x+59.475	0.9989	2.7
C7	Y12	y=-0.0027x+58.785	0.9991	2.7
G1	Y3	y=-0.0029x+59.203	0.9990	2.9
G2	Y36	y=-0.0038x+59.444	0.9991	3.8
G3	Y16	y=-0.0034x+59.181	0.9992	3.4
G4	Y4	y=-0.0028x+58.259	0.9992	2.8
G5	Y9	y=-0.0029x+59.800	0.9990	2.9
G6	Y7	y=-0.0037x+60.048	0.9992	3.7
G7	Y39	y=-0.0036x+60.014	0.9987	3.6

项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
初始体重 Initial body weight (kg)	280.6	275.8	2.100	0.265
终末体重 Final body weight (kg)	268.2	277.1	2.400	0.062
总增重 Total weight gain (kg)	-12.4	1.3	1.843	<0.001
平均日增重 Average daily gain (g·d^-1)	-413	43.3	61.44	<0.001

项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
干物质 DM	55.8	62.0	1.63	0.031
有机物 OM	56.5	63.3	1.71	0.026
粗蛋白 CP	55.3	66.4	2.06	0.039
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	53.9	60.5	1.85	0.035
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	45.1	50.7	2.67	0.098

项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
pH	6.82	6.63	0.083	0.246
氨态氮NH₃-N (mg·dL^-1)	6.92	7.05	0.417	0.880
微生物蛋白 MCP (mg·100 mL^-1)	5.47	10.2	0.674	<0.001
总挥发性脂肪酸 Total VFA (mmol·L^-1)	48.2	55.5	1.840	0.042
乙酸 Acetate (mmol·L^-1)	37.9	42.8	1.450	0.089
丙酸 Propionate (mmol·L^-1)	6.72	8.12	0.280	0.008
异丁酸 Isobutyrate (mmol·L^-1)	0.40	0.48	0.019	0.029
丁酸 Butyrate (mmol·L^-1)	2.59	3.34	0.175	0.028
异戊酸 Isovalerate (mmol·L^-1)	0.30	0.44	0.021	<0.001
戊酸 Valerate (mmol·L^-1)	0.24	0.29	0.026	0.382
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/Propionate	5.67	5.30	0.163	0.272

冷季补饲对放牧牦牛生长性能、甲烷排放及经济效益的影响

Effects of Cold-Season Supplementary Feeding on Growth Performance, Methane Emissions, and Economic Benefits of Grazing Yaks

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项目 Item	组别 Group		SEM	P
项目 Item	CON	GSG	SEM	P
干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, kg·d^-1)	3.45	4.47	0.071	<0.001
甲烷排放 CH₄ emission
CH₄日排放量 CH₄daily emission (g·d^-1)	73.6	78.7	1.330	0.102
CH₄/代谢体重 CH₄/BW^0.75 (g·kg BW^⁻0.75)	1.11	1.17	0.020	0.147
CH₄/干物质采食量 CH₄/DMI (g·kg^-1)	21.3	17.6	0.430	0.001