低豆粕日粮对奶牛生产性能和甲烷排放量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在规模化牧场条件下，通过设置不同梯度的替代比例，探讨以膨化尿素与双低菜粕、菜粕组合替代日粮中豆粕对奶牛生产性能、乳成分指标、甲烷排放特征及养殖经济效益的综合影响，以期为奶牛养殖产业的节本减排提供科学可行的技术方案。【方法】试验设置3种日粮处理：对照组（全豆粕组）饲喂以豆粕为单一蛋白补充料的基准日粮；50%替代组（50%豆粕组）利用膨化尿素、双低菜粕及菜粕组合替代日粮中50%的豆粕；全替代组（0豆粕组）则完全利用双低菜粕与菜粕组合替代日粮中的全部豆粕。试验包含7 d预试期与35 d正试期。记录各组每日的干物质采食量、个体产奶量，测定其乳成分和甲烷排放量，最终结合饲料与牛奶市场价格核算各组产出的经济效益。【结果】①生产性能：在等能等氮的前提下，全豆粕组平均产奶量最高，0豆粕组最低，50%豆粕组介于两者之间，50%豆粕组在试验期内呈上升趋势。在对胎次和泌乳天数进行模型校正后，各处理组在试验期的周平均产奶量之间未见显著差异（P>0.05）。②乳成分：在满足能量和可代谢蛋白供给的前提下，试验后，各处理组乳脂率和乳蛋白率与试验前的指标相比均呈现出下降的趋势，但各处理组之间的乳脂率与乳蛋白率并无显著差异（P>0.05），从处理组内的周平均值来看，波动范围较小；试验前后牛奶尿素氮的含量变化随替代豆粕比例增加而增加，试验后全豆粕组和0豆粕组的尿素氮水平均较试验前呈显著性升高（P<0.05）。③甲烷排放：50%豆粕组的排放量最高，0豆粕组甲烷排放量最低，并且极显著的低于其他两组的排放量。④经济效益：试验前后相比较，3个处理组的经济效益均有所提高。50%豆粕组经济效益差值最大，提升幅度最大，综合经济效益最好，其次为 0豆粕组，全豆粕组增幅相对较小。【结论】从生产与环境两个维度来说，低豆粕日粮在本研究中表现出较好的综合效益提升。就生产稳定性而言，在合理调控瘤胃氮素释放速率和能量供应同步性的前提下，两种替代方案均能有效维持产奶量，说明豆粕替代方案的可行性。在环境效益方面，全替代方案表现出显著的甲烷减排潜力，但是甲烷减排并非与豆粕减少量呈线性关系。牧场需根据实际的环保要求与经济效益目标，权衡选择适宜的豆粕替代策略，就目前的市场与政策环境下，单纯的环境效益优势目前尚不能直接转化为经济效益，因此生产性能仍是决定牧场盈利的核心。

关键词: 奶牛, 低豆粕日粮, 生产性能, 乳成分, 甲烷排放, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the comprehensive effects of replacing soybean meal with varying proportions of a combination of expanded urea and either double-low rapeseed meal or rapeseed meal on dairy cow production performance, milk composition, methane emissions, and economic benefits under large-scale farm conditions. It sought to provide technical solutions for cost reduction and emission mitigation in dairy farming.【Method】A total of 138 Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated into three groups with 46 cows each group. Three treatment groups were designed: the 100% group (full soybean meal diet), the 50% group (50% soybean meal plus expanded urea + double-low rapeseed meal + rapeseed meal replacement), and the 0% group (full double-low rapeseed meal + rapeseed meal replacement). The pre-trial period lasted 7 days, followed by a 35-day main trial. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded, milk composition and methane emissions were measured, and economic benefits were calculated.【Result】① Production performance: After adjusting for parity and days in milk, no significant differences were observed in average milk yield between groups during the trial period. However, the 50% group exhibited an upward trend in milk production throughout the trial. ② Milk composition: The milk urea nitrogen content increased with the higher proportion of soybean meal replacement. No significant differences were observed in milk fat percentage or milk protein percentage among the treatment groups. Post-trial milk urea nitrogen levels in both the 100% and 0% groups were significantly higher than pre-trial levels. ③ Methane emission: The 50% group exhibited the highest methane emissions, while the 0 substitution group exhibited the lowest, which were extremely significantly lower than the other two groups. ④ Economic benefit: The 50% group showed the greatest improvement in economic benefits per cow before and after the trial, with the highest overall economic revenue, followed by the 0% group, with the 100% group showing a relatively smaller increase.【Conclusion】Under conditions of equal nitrogen and energy intake, partially or completely replacing soybean meal with expanded urea and double-low rapeseed meal or rapeseed meal maintained dairy cow milk yields while significantly reducing methane emissions and milk urea nitrogen levels. Dairy farms should select an appropriate soybean meal replacement strategy based on environmental requirements and economic objectives. Under current market and policy conditions, environmental benefits alone could not be directly translated into economic profits; therefore, production performance remained the core determinant of farm profitability

Key words: dairy cows, low soybean meal diet, production performance, milk composition, methane emissions, economic benefits

申跃宇, 陈少侃, 马亚东, 刘建业, 张亚一, 陈桐, 赵鑫, 张歆, 屠焰. 低豆粕日粮对奶牛生产性能和甲烷排放量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(20): 4673-4683.

SHEN YueYu, CHEN ShaoKan, MA YaDong, LIU JianYe, ZHANG YaYi, CHEN Tong, ZHAO Xin, ZHANG Xin, TU Yan. Effects of Low-Soybean Meal Diets on Dairy Cow Production Performance and Methane Emission[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4673-4683.

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处理组 Treatment group	数量 Number	产奶量 Milk yield (kg·d^-1)	泌乳天数 Day in milk (d)	胎次 Parity
全豆粕组 Group 100%	46	46.82±9.43	142.75±61.41	2.19±0.48
50%豆粕组 Group 50%	46	44.81±8.92	97.65±54.99	1.63±0.73
0豆粕组 Group 0%	46	43.62±9.25	119.64±59.08	1.72±0.68

原料 Ingredient	全豆粕组 Group 100%	50%豆粕组 Group 50%	0豆粕组 Group 0%	营养水平 Nutrient level	全豆粕组 Group 100%	50%豆粕组 Group 50%	0豆粕组 Group 0%
玉米压片 Corn flake	11.60	11.00	10.70	粗蛋白质 Crude protein	15.70	15.70	15.70
膨化大豆 Puffed soybean	0.00	0.40	0.00	泌乳净能¹⁾NEL(MCal·kg^-1)¹⁾	1.77	1.77	1.77
精补料+颗粒料 Concentrate feed + Pellet feed	40.20	38.20	42.20	中性洗涤纤维 NDF	26.20	27.50	27.70
脂肪酸钙 Calcium salt of fatty acid	0.40	0.40	0.40	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	15.10	16.20	17.60
脂肪粉 Fat powder	0.90	1.20	1.90	木质素 Lignin	3.50	4.10	4.90
DDGS	1.10	1.10	0.70	物理有效纤维 PeNDF	18.80	19.20	19.10
棉籽 Cotton seed	3.70	5.70	6.00	粗料中NDF	17.40	17.00	16.00
玉米皮 Corn husk	1.90	1.90	0.70	淀粉 Starch	31.40	31.40	31.30
进口苜蓿草 Alfalfa hay	4.40	3.70	3.50	糖 Sugar	4.40	4.00	4.00
国产苜蓿草 Alfalfa hay	1.80	2.40	1.00	粗脂肪 Crude fat	4.20	5.00	5.80
国产燕麦草 Oat straw	1.80	1.80	1.80	粗料 Coarse fodder	40.00	39.20	37.40
苜蓿青贮 Alfalfa silage	1.60	1.60	1.50
玉米青贮 Corn silage	30.60	30.60	29.50
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00

处理组 Treatment group	试验前 Prior to the experiment	试验后 After the experiment	差值 Difference	P值 P value
全豆粕组 Group 100%	46.82	46.46	-0.36	0.829
50%豆粕组 Group 50%	44.81	45.34	0.53	0.607
0豆粕组 Group 0%	43.62	43.79	0.17	0.244

项目 Items	处理组 Group	试验前 Prior to the experiment	试验后 After the experiment	SEM	P值 P value
尿素氮 MUN (mg·dL^-1)	全豆粕组 Group 100%	10.45a	13.11b	0.23	<0.01
	50%豆粕组 Group 50%	11.2a	12.52b	0.27	0.012
	0豆粕组 Group 0%	11.02	10.59	0.26	0.417
乳蛋白率 Milk protein (%)	全豆粕组 Group 100%	3.22	3.23	0.03	0.743
	50%豆粕组 Group 50%	3.09	3.05	0.04	0.596
	0豆粕组 Group 0%	3.25	3.16	0.04	0.253
乳脂率 Milk fat percentage (%)	全豆粕组 Group 100%	3.35	3.33	0.07	0.906
	50%豆粕组 Group 50%	3.24	3.09	0.08	0.387
	0豆粕组 Group 0%	3.46	3.23	0.11	0.287

	全豆粕组 Group 100%			50%豆粕组 Group 50%			0豆粕组 Group 0%
	试验前 Prior to the experiment	试验后 After the experiment	差值 Difference	试验前 Prior to the experiment	试验后 After the experiment	差值 Difference	试验前 Prior to the experiment	试验后 After the experiment	差值 Difference
干物质采食量（kg/头） Dry matter intake (kg/head)	28.12	27.23	-0.89	26.98	26.72	-0.26	28.12	26.46	-1.66
饲养日成本（元/头） Daily feeding cost (Yuan/head)	75.31	73.51	-1.80	72.26	71.56	-0.70	75.31	74.85	-0.46
产奶量（kg/头） Milk yield (kg/head)	46.82	46.46	-0.36	44.81	45.34	0.53	43.62	43.79	0.17
牛奶售价（元/kg） Milk price (Yuan /kg)	3.20	3.20	0.00	3.20	3.20	0.00	3.20	3.20	0.00
牛奶销售（元/头） Milk sales revenue (Yuan/head)	149.82	148.67	-1.15	143.39	145.09	1.70	139.58	140.13	0.54
经济效益（元/头） Net revenue (Yuan/head)	74.52	75.16	0.65	71.14	73.53	2.39	64.28	65.28	1.00