玉米大豆间作减量施氮对当季作物农艺性状、经济效益和后茬小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (22): 4495-4506.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

玉米大豆间作减量施氮对当季作物农艺性状、经济效益和后茬小麦产量的影响

董奎军¹^,²(), 张亦涛¹(), 刘瀚文³, 张继宗⁴(), 王伟军⁵, 温延臣⁴, 雷秋良⁴, 文宏达²

¹ 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京 100101
² 河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院，河北保定 071000
³ 河北农业大学林学院，河北保定 071000
⁴ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所，北京 100081
⁵ 张家口市农业科学院，河北张家口 075000

收稿日期:2023-11-29 接受日期:2024-01-10 出版日期:2024-11-16 发布日期:2024-11-22
通信作者:
张亦涛，E-mail：zhangyt@igsnrr.ac.cn。
张继宗，E-mail：zhangjizong@caas.cn
联系方式: 董奎军，E-mail：dongkuijun1999@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划重点专项子课题(2023YFD1500805-1); 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金项目(U20A20114)

Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Application of Summer Maize- Soybean Intercropping on Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefits as well as Its Yield of Subsequent Wheat

DONG KuiJun¹^,²(), ZHANG YiTao¹(), LIU HanWen³, ZHANG JiZong⁴(), WANG WeiJun⁵, WEN YanChen⁴, LEI QiuLiang⁴, WEN HongDa²

¹ Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
² College of Resources and Environment Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, Hebei
³ College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, Hebei
⁴ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
⁵ Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei

Received:2023-11-29 Accepted:2024-01-10 Published:2024-11-16 Online:2024-11-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】旨在明确施氮量对夏播玉米间作大豆的作物产量构成、经济效益及其后茬冬小麦产量的影响。【方法】2022—2023年，在玉米大豆条带复合种植主要推广区域山东省禹城市选择代表性农田，夏播季设置玉米单作（施肥量225 kg·hm^-2）、大豆单作（施氮量45 kg·hm^-2）、玉米大豆间作全量施氮（施氮量270 kg·hm^-2，玉米条带和大豆条分别施氮225和45 kg·hm^-2）、玉米大豆间作减量施氮（施氮量135 kg·hm^-2, 玉米条带和大豆条带分别施氮90 和45 kg·hm^-2）。后茬种植小麦，不设施肥处理。分析不同夏播处理对当季作物光合特性、农艺性状、经济效益以及后茬小麦产量的影响。【结果】种植模式和施氮量不同均会影响间作作物生长发育。相对玉米单作种植，间作减量施氮在拔节期和抽雄期玉米叶片的叶绿素含量以及P_n、G_s、C_i和T_r显著降低；而间作全量施氮中玉米叶片P_n、G_s和T_r分别显著提高了8.8%、10%、11.6%。不同间作处理下大豆叶绿素含量均降低，叶片P_n、G_s、T_r受到抑制，农艺性状方面茎长增加、单株荚数降低，导致产量降低65.1%—68.4%。间作全量施氮的玉米农艺性状和产量与单作玉米没有显著差异，且该模式下经济效益最高，达到22 607元/hm²，而减量施氮下玉米的穗长、穗粒数、百粒重等农艺性状显著降低，产量下降14.8%。但总体来说玉米大豆间作两种施氮量处理的土地当量比均大于1，经济效益、作物吸氮量分别较玉米单作提高4.8%—11.5%和19.7%—38%。后茬冬小麦在不施肥情况下，夏播季间作全量施氮的后茬冬小麦籽粒产量、吸氮量均高于其他处理，间作减量施氮与夏播玉米单作的后茬冬小麦产量无显著差异。【结论】从农艺性状、产量、经济效益以及对后茬作物影响的综合分析，间作全量施氮效果优于间作减量施氮，但统筹考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益，间作种植施氮量还可在全量施氮的基础上进一步优化。

关键词: 玉米, 大豆, 单作, 间作, 产量构成, 经济效益, 后茬作物, 冬小麦

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen application amount on the yield composition, economic benefit of summer sowing intercropping crops and the yield of winter wheat. 【Method】From 2022 to 2023, the representative farmlands were selected in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, which was the main extension area of maize-soybean strip intercropping. Maize monoculture (Nitrogen application rate: 225 kg·hm^-2), soybean monoculture (Nitrogen application rate: 45 kg·hm^-2), maize-soybean intercropping with full nitrogen application (Nitrogen application rate: 270 kg·hm^-2), maize-soybean intercropping with reduced nitrogen application (Nitrogen application rate: 135 kg·hm^-2) were set up in summer sowing season, and the subsequent crops were planted with wheat without fertilizer treatment. The effects of different summer sowing treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits, economic benefits and yield of subsequent wheat were analyzed. 【Result】Both planting pattern and nitrogen application amount had significant effects on crop growth and development. Compared with maize monoculture, the chlorophyll content, P_n, G_s, C_i and T_r of maize leaves were significantly decreased by intercropping reduced nitrogen application (135 kg·hm^-2). However, the P_n, G_s and T_r of leaves of intercropping full nitrogen maize (270 kg·hm^-2) were significantly increased by 8.8%, 10% and 11.6%, respectively. Intercropping system resulted in decreased chlorophyll content of soybean, inhibited leaf P_n, G_s, and T_r. In terms of agronomic characteristics, stem length increased, pod number per plant decreased, and yield decreased by 65.1%-68.4%. There was no significant difference in the agronomic characteristics and yield of maize under the intercropping system with full nitrogen application, and the economic benefit was the highest under this system, reaching 22 607 yuan/hm², while the agronomic characteristics such as ear length, grain number per ear and hundred-grain weight of maize under reduced nitrogen application significantly decreased, and the yield decreased by 14.8%. However, in general, the land equivalent ratio of both maize and soybean treatments was also greater than 1. Economic benefit and nitrogen uptake were increased by 4.8%-11.5% and 19.7%-38% compared with monocrop. When winter wheat was not fertilized, the grain yield and crop nitrogen uptake of aftercrop winter wheat with full nitrogen application in summer sowing were higher than that under other treatments, and there was no significant difference between the yield of winter wheat with reduced nitrogen application between summer sowing seasons and that of winter wheat with summer sowing maize. 【Conclusion】Therefore, from the comprehensive analysis of agronomic characteristics, yield and economic benefits as well as the effects on aftercrop, the effect of total nitrogen application in intercropping was better than that of reduced nitrogen application in intercropping. However, considering the yield, economic and environmental benefits, the amount of nitrogen application in intercropping should be further optimized.

Key words: maize, soybean, monoculture, intercropping, yield components, economic benefits, aftercrop, winter wheat

董奎军, 张亦涛, 刘瀚文, 张继宗, 王伟军, 温延臣, 雷秋良, 文宏达. 玉米大豆间作减量施氮对当季作物农艺性状、经济效益和后茬小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(22): 4495-4506.

DONG KuiJun, ZHANG YiTao, LIU HanWen, ZHANG JiZong, WANG WeiJun, WEN YanChen, LEI QiuLiang, WEN HongDa. Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Application of Summer Maize- Soybean Intercropping on Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefits as well as Its Yield of Subsequent Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4495-4506.

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	pH	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	含水量 Water content (%)
0-20	15.05	1.00	11.97	105	7.48	22.57	4.74	1.32	5.89
20-40	12.96	0.91	7.36	149	7.51	7.85	5.70	1.51	9.75

处理 Treatment	净光合速率 P_n(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间 CO₂ 浓度 C_i(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r(g·m^-2·h^-1)
DY	27.29±0.47b	0.27±0.01b	239.43±1.74a	4.21±0.09b
JY-N90	27.95±0.68b	0.22±0.01c	188.54±8.69c	4.04±0.13b
JY-N225	29.91±0.49a	0.30±0.02a	234.44±8.47a	4.74±0.12a
DD	28.66±1.03a	1.16±0.11a	349.40±8.13a	6.30±0.06a
JD-JN45	24.96±0.85b	0.73±0.05b	354.52±9.19a	5.22±0.34b
JD-QN45	25.46±0.97b	0.74±0.01b	347.07±10.48a	5.17±0.13b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗重 Ear weight (g)	穗长 Spike length (cm)	穗行数 Ear row number	行粒数 Row grain	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	百粒重 hundred-grain weight (g)
2022	DY	184.47±9.34a	15.50±0.46a	14.13±0.23a	33.33±2.54a	469.87±27.60a	28.32±2.02a
	JY-N90	157.57±7.97b	14.27±0.68b	13.53±0.83a	31.67±0.64a	428.67±30.55b	27.49±0.71b
	JY-N225	185.53±10.78a	16.10±0.17a	13.53±0.70a	33.00±1.00a	445.67±19.86a	29.70±0.42a
2023	DY	200.96±6.75a	16.23±0.81a	14.93±0.23a	34.73±0.76a	517.60±9.17a	30.27±0.49a
	JY-N90	165.50±2.47b	15.03±0.23b	13.73±0.23b	32.07±1.14b	439.87±8.24c	27.83±0.42c
	JY-N225	186.43±2.18ab	15.53±0.32b	14.27±0.23ab	33.53±0.64ab	478.53±7.26b	28.93±0.32b
均值 Average	DY	192.72±3.16a	15.87±0.19a	14.53±0.12a	34.03±0.90a	493.73±10.73a	29.29±0.81a
	JY-N90	161.67±3.95b	14.90±0.20b	13.63±0.31b	31.87±0.85b	434.27±19.13b	27.66±0.55b
	JY-N225	185.98±4.31a	15.82±0.21a	13.90±0.46ab	33.27±0.81ab	462.10±23.52ab	29.32±0.28a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎长 Stem length (cm)	第一荚位高 Height of the first pod (cm)	单株荚数 Number of pods per plant	茎粗 Stem diameter (cm)	百粒重 Hundred-grain weight (g)
2022	DD	57.98±2.45b	22.18±2.07a	28.63±4.60a	0.37±0.03a	24.14±0.56a
	JD-JN45	73.10±3.04a	27.19±8.27a	26.78±2.00ab	0.40±0.01a	26.21±2.41a
	JD-QN45	75.79±5.87a	23.79±0.52a	21.12±3.00b	0.38±0.06a	25.06±0.88a
2023	DD	68.80±1.78b	22.75±0.80b	34.69±0.97a	0.61±0.08a	25.07±0.21a
	JD-JN45	82.43±3.80a	25.72±1.72a	24.65±1.07b	0.52±0.02a	24.53±1.02a
	JD-QN45	80.47±4.30a	26.84±1.70a	20.73±2.44c	0.56±0.05a	24.67±1.04a
均值 Average	DD	63.39±1.80b	22.47±1.43b	31.66±2.43a	0.49±0.05a	24.61±0.37a
	JD-JN45	77.76±3.39a	26.45±4.63a	25.72±1.40b	0.46±0.01a	25.37±1.71a
	JD-QN45	78.13±1.11a	25.31±0.61a	20.93±0.71c	0.44±0.05a	24.87±0.21a

处理 Treatment		2022			2023
处理 Treatment		产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio	经济效益 Economic benefits (yuan/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio	经济效益 Economic benefits (yuan/hm²)
DY		8993.75±874.89A	—	18742.50c	10054.97±139.61A	—	21289.43b
DD		2597.00±29.04a		12446.40d	3336.45±105.78a	—	16661.24c
JZ-135N	JY-90N	7952.45±374.89B	1.26	20313.47b	8271.66±40.04C	1.15	21750.14b
JZ-135N	JD-JN45	976.05±56.48b	1.26	20313.47b	1093.69±57.79b	1.15	21750.14b
JZ-270N	JY-225N	8940.25±296.03A	1.33	21772.43a	9355.35±93.30B	1.22	23441.56a
JZ-270N	JD-QN45	880.04±65.82b	1.33	21772.43a	998.09±57.39b	1.22	23441.56a

玉米大豆间作减量施氮对当季作物农艺性状、经济效益和后茬小麦产量的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Application of Summer Maize- Soybean Intercropping on Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefits as well as Its Yield of Subsequent Wheat

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