响应曲面法优化水肥药耦合对辣椒生长、光合特性及根腐病的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.012

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (14): 2869-2884.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.012

响应曲面法优化水肥药耦合对辣椒生长、光合特性及根腐病的影响

徐佳鑫¹^,²^,³(), 华楠⁴, 王永强⁵, 徐浩², 刘震², 赵小锐², 李悦², 陈启蔚², 叶林¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹ 宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院，银川 750021
² 宁夏大学葡萄酒与园艺学院，银川 750021
³ 旱区现代农业水资源高效利用教育部工程研究中心，银川 750021
⁴ 银川市兴庆区掌政镇农业综合服务中心，银川 750021
⁵ 水发浩海集团有限公司，银川 750021

收稿日期:2025-03-11 接受日期:2025-04-21 出版日期:2025-07-17 发布日期:2025-07-17
通信作者:
叶林，E-mail：yelin.3993@163.com。
联系方式: 徐佳鑫，E-mail：13244683088@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1600300); 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2023BCF01042)

Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Water, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Coupling on Chili Pepper Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Root Rot

XU JiaXin¹^,²^,³(), HUA Nan⁴, WANG YongQiang⁵, XU Hao², LIU Zhen², ZHAO XiaoRui², LI Yue², CHEN QiWei², YE Lin¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹ College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
² College of Wine and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021
³ Engineering Research Center of Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Modern Agriculture in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021
⁴ Agricultural Service Center of Zhangzheng Town, Xingqing District, Yinchuan City, Yinchuan 750021
⁵ Shuifa Haohai Group Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750021

Received:2025-03-11 Accepted:2025-04-21 Published:2025-07-17 Online:2025-07-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对目前日光温室辣椒生产中存在的不合理水肥施用导致的产量下降及根腐病频发等问题，探讨合理水肥药配施对辣椒产量提升及根腐病防治效果的影响，为温室辣椒的高产优质栽培技术筛选出科学合理的水肥药管理模式。【方法】以螺丝椒‘华美105’为试验材料，设计灌溉量（2 423、3 230、4 037 m³·hm^-2）、施肥量（330、495、660 kg·hm^-2）和施药量（300、450、600 L·hm^-2）各3个水平。肥为高钾肥（N-P-K：12-6-40），药剂为氯溴异氰尿酸、春雷霉素、甲霜·恶霉灵等混合药剂。采用3因素3水平二次回归正交试验方法，分析不同水、肥、药配比对辣椒生长、光合特性变化及根腐病发生的影响。【结果】灌水量和施药量、施肥量和施药量的交互作用对生长综合指数和光合性能综合指数影响显著（P<0.05），其中灌水量和施药量的交互作用对生长综合指数影响极显著（P<0.01）；灌水量和施药量的交互作用对水肥利用效率影响显著（P<0.05），灌水量和施肥量、施肥量和施药量的交互作用对水肥利用效率影响不显著；施肥量和施药量的交互作用对根腐病病情指数影响显著（P<0.05），灌水量和施肥量、灌水量和施药量的交互作用对根腐病病情指数影响不显著；灌水量和施药量、施肥量和施药量的交互作用对产量影响显著（P<0.05），灌水量和施肥量的交互作用对产量影响不显著。【结论】利用响应回归模型对产量和水肥利用效率进行多目标优化，灌水量、施肥量和施药量的最优组合为灌水量3 213 m³·hm^-2、施肥量493 kg·hm^-2、施药量449 L·hm^-2。该组合可有效提高辣椒生长指标与光合参数，同时显著降低辣椒根腐病病情指数并提高产量和水肥利用效率。因此，该水肥药管理模式可为辣椒的科学管理与高效生产提供重要理论依据和参考。

关键词: 辣椒, 水肥药耦合, 光合特性, 生长, 根腐病, 响应曲面法

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the problems of yield decline and frequent root rot caused by unreasonable application of water and fertilizer in chili pepper production in solar greenhouse, the effects of reasonable application of water and fertilizer on yield increase and root rot control effect of chili pepper were discussed, and a scientific and reasonable management mode of water and fertilizer was screened out for high yield and high quality cultivation techniques of chili pepper in greenhouse.【Method】The experiment was conducted using the chili pepper variety ‘Huamei 105’. Three levels of irrigation amount (2 423, 3 230, 4 037 m³·hm^-2), fertilizer application rate (330, 495, 660 kg·hm^-2), and pesticide application rate (300, 450, 600 L·hm^-2) were designed. Fertilizer was a high-potassium mix (N-P-K: 12-6-40), and the pesticide combination included chlorobromoisocyanuric acid, cymoxanil, and metalaxyl. A three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of different water, fertilizer, and pesticide combinations on chili pepper growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and root rot occurrence.【Result】The interactions between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate, fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate significantly impacted the growth comprehensive index and photosynthetic performance comprehensive index (P<0.05), and the interaction between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate had extremely significant effects on the growth comprehensive index (P<0.01). The interaction between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate had a significant effect on water and fertilizer use efficiency (P<0.05), while the interactions between irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate, fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate had no significant effect on water and fertilizer use efficiency. The interaction between fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate had a significant effect on the disease index of root rot (P<0.05), while the interactions between irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate, irrigation amount and pesticide application rate had no significant effect on the disease index of root rot. The interactions between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate, fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate had significant effects on yield (P<0.05), while the interaction between irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate had no significant effect on yield.【Conclusion】The response regression model was used to optimize the yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency. The optimal combination of irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide application is irrigation amount 3 213 m³·hm^-2, fertilizer application rate 493 kg·hm^-2 and pesticide application rate 449 L·hm^-2. This combination can effectively improve the growth index and photosynthetic parameters of chili pepper, and significantly reduce the disease index of root rot and improve the yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency. Therefore, this management mode of water, fertilizer and pesticide can provide important theoretical basis and reference for the scientific management and efficient production of chili pepper.

Key words: chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), water, fertilizer and pesticide coupling, photosynthetic characteristics, growth, root rot, response surface methodology

徐佳鑫, 华楠, 王永强, 徐浩, 刘震, 赵小锐, 李悦, 陈启蔚, 叶林. 响应曲面法优化水肥药耦合对辣椒生长、光合特性及根腐病的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(14): 2869-2884.

XU JiaXin, HUA Nan, WANG YongQiang, XU Hao, LIU Zhen, ZHAO XiaoRui, LI Yue, CHEN QiWei, YE Lin. Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Water, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Coupling on Chili Pepper Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Root Rot[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2869-2884.

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处理 Treatment	灌水量 Irrigation amount (m³)	施肥量 Fertilizer application rate (kg)	施药量 Pesticide application rate (L)	处理 Treatment	灌水量 Irrigation amount (m³)	施肥量 Fertilizer application rate (kg)	施药量 Pesticide application rate (L)
T1	0.262	0.356	0.486	T10	0.349	0.712	0.327
T2	0.436	0.356	0.486	T11	0.349	0.356	0.648
T3	0.262	0.712	0.486	T12	0.349	0.712	0.648
T4	0.436	0.712	0.486	T13	0.349	0.534	0.486
T5	0.262	0.534	0.327	T14	0.349	0.534	0.486
T6	0.436	0.534	0.327	T15	0.349	0.534	0.486
T7	0.262	0.534	0.648	T16	0.349	0.534	0.486
T8	0.436	0.534	0.648	T17	0.349	0.534	0.486
T9	0.349	0.356	0.327

A	B	C	株高 Plant height (m)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (mm²)	展幅 Leaf spread (cm)	生长综合指数（PCA得分） Growth comprehensive index (PCA score)
-1	-1	0	1.65±0.23de	13.54±1.96d	5440.40±875.75de	47.60±7.75de	-0.90
1	-1	0	1.65±0.30def	13.38±2.23d	6351.38±957.35b	49.60±6.73cd	-0.63
-1	1	0	1.53±0.19g	12.02±1.78e	4809.74±775.37fg	53.60±9.73b	-0.74
1	1	0	1.74±0.27b	14.34±2.56c	4752.02±675.35fg	43.80±6.86fg	-0.79
-1	0	-1	1.65±0.26de	13.36±1.95d	4677.73±865.73g	48.80±7.75d	-0.47
1	0	-1	1.70±0.33bc	11.92±1.86e	4879.79±638.75f	44.00±7.73fg	-1.25
-1	0	-1	1.61±0.31ef	12.12±2.03e	6624.25±975.35a	48.00±8.75d	-1.38
1	0	-1	1.74±0.28b	15.56±2.67b	5247.67±983.63e	45.00±6.98f	-0.49
0	-1	-1	1.60±0.23f	12.10±1.86e	6068.13±785.83c	45.40±7.83ef	-1.17
0	1	-1	1.71±0.29bc	13.42±1.86d	6578.27±985.73a	51.60±6.85bc	-0.60
0	-1	-1	1.68±0.25cd	15.70±2.57b	5596.19±875.35d	42.40±8.01g	-0.72
0	1	-1	1.60±0.23f	13.20±1.57d	4679.49±895.35g	42.00±6.85g	-1.46
0	0	0	1.98±0.35a	16.92±2.65a	6645.30±875.63a	61.25±9.85a	2.44

A	B	C	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	净光合速率 Pn (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmol·mol^-1)	气孔导度Gs (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	光合性能综合指数（PCA得分） Photosynthetic performance comprehensive index (PCA score)
-1	-1	0	2.21±0.32g	7.24±1.23e	380.35±58.63de	0.072±0.012i	-1.32
1	-1	0	4.15±0.63e	6.17±0.85f	353.69±53.75i	0.091±0.015ef	-0.25
-1	1	0	5.20±0.75c	3.41±0.52k	371.66±58.62g	0.084±0.012g	-0.88
1	1	0	3.12±0.43h	7.58±0.92d	383.12±60.56d	0.092±0.016e	-0.89
-1	0	-1	5.17±0.75c	5.34±0.72g	391.66±59.73b	0.075±0.014hi	-1.20
1	0	-1	3.62±0.63g	8.09±1.43c	366.85±62.73h	0.077±0.014h	-0.59
-1	0	1	2.54±0.42i	4.41±0.63i	393.59±57.36b	0.107±0.019d	-1.41
1	0	1	6.98±0.92b	5.13±0.75h	377.75±59.38ef	0.087±0.016fg	-0.42
0	-1	-1	4.39±0.72d	8.40±1.35b	386.60±52.62c	0.086±0.015g	-0.70
0	1	-1	4.39±0.63d	6.25±0.92f	376.46±50.72f	0.124±0.021b	-0.23
0	-1	1	3.96±0.57f	4.19±0.76j	369.27±61.23gh	0.116±0.016c	-0.52
0	1	1	5.29±0.98c	6.88±1.02f	398.51±65.83a	0.087±0.015fg	-0.97
0	0	0	8.08±1.01a	10.06±1.58a	349.55±56.83j	0.137±0.023a	1.71

试验编号 Test No.	A	B	C	灌溉水利用效率 IWUE (kg·m^-3)	肥料偏生产力 PFP (kg·kg^-1)	根腐病病情指数 Disease index of root rot	小区产量 Yield (kg·11m^-2)
1	1	0	-1	29.68±4.75hi	242.05±38.82ef	75.0±13.0a	131.7±17.8e
2	1	1	0	24.41±3.75jk	149.33±26.83ij	33.0±4.0fg	108.4±16.7i
3	0	0	0	41.67±6.55bcd	287.42±48.95c	0h	145.7±27.6bc
4	-1	-1	0	42.62±6.83bc	312.94±59.73b	32.0±4.0g	113.5±18.6hi
5	0	-1	-1	35.51±5.83fg	347.56±58.73a	68.0±9.0b	126.1±23.7ef
6	0	0	0	44.05±7.83b	267.66±40.73cd	0h	148.0±27.8b
7	0	1	-1	39.79±5.93cde	194.74±29.75h	45.0±6.0cd	141.3±23.6cd
8	1	0	1	27.42±4.02ij	223.60±38.83fg	38.0±7.0ef	121.7±22.8fg
9	0	0	0	42.25±6.83bc	271.87±47.38cd	0h	156.4±29.8a
10	1	-1	0	22.84±3.93k	279.42±49.01c	35.0±5.0fg	101.4±15.8j
11	-1	1	0	38.08±5.83def	139.79±18.23j	50.0±8.0c	103.4±19.6j
12	-1	0	1	51.92±7.93a	254.14±45.72de	42.0±7.0de	138.3±23.8d
13	-1	0	-1	43.96±6.93b	215.20±30.82gh	48.0±8.0c	117.1±18.8gh
14	0	-1	1	36.60±5.03efg	358.20±60.32a	46.0±6.0cd	130.0±19.2e
15	0	0	0	41.62±6.03bcd	271.60±48.83cd	0h	150.0±19.7b
16	0	1	1	33.30±5.01gh	162.97±27.83i	70.0±9.0ab	118.3±17.6gh
17	0	0	0	41.02±5.93bcd	275.66±49.92cd	0h	147.8±26.7b

指标 Index	来源 Source	平方和 Sum of square	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P	指标 Index	平方和 Sum of square	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P
生长综合指数 Growth comprehensive index	模型Model	33.186	9	73.862	<0.01**	光合性能综合指数Photosynthetic performance comprehensive index	26.674	9	109.595	<0.01**
	A-A	0.014	1	0.273	0.618		0.884	1	32.705	<0.01**
	B-B	0.004	1	0.072	0.796		0.004	1	0.150	0.710
	C-C	0.039	1	0.785	0.405		0.045	1	1.664	0.238
	AB	0.026	1	0.513	0.497		0.292	1	10.783	0.013*
	AC	0.697	1	13.966	0.007**		0.036	1	1.335	0.286
	BC	0.429	1	8.594	0.022*		0.212	1	7.825	0.027*
	A²	8.235	1	164.956	<0.01**		9.569	1	353.833	<0.01**
	B²	9.329	1	186.871	<0.01**		6.139	1	227.017	<0.01**
	C²	11.064	1	221.620	<0.01**		6.872	1	254.101	<0.01**
	残差Residual	0.349	7				0.189	7
	失拟项Lack of fit	0.014	3	0.054	0.981		0.076	3	0.900	0.515
	误差Pure error	0.336	4				0.113	4
	总和Cor. total	33.536	16				26.863	16
	调整R² Adjusted R²	0.990					0.990

响应曲面法优化水肥药耦合对辣椒生长、光合特性及根腐病的影响

Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Water, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Coupling on Chili Pepper Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Root Rot

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指标 Index	来源 Source	平方和 Sum of square	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P	指标 Index	平方和 Sum of square	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	P
灌溉水利用率 Efficiency of irrigation water use	模型Model	938.626	9	27.747	<0.01**	肥料偏生产力 Partial factor productivity of fertilizer	63510.938	9	65.997	<0.01**
	A-A	652.172	1	173.512	<0.01**		95.719	1	0.895	0.376
	B-B	0.491	1	0.131	0.729		53020.035	1	495.861	<0.01**
	C-C	0.010	1	0.003	0.960		0.051	1	0	0.983
	AB	9.347	1	2.487	0.159		463.365	1	4.334	0.076
	AC	26.093	1	6.942	0.034*		823.232	1	7.699	0.028*
	BC	14.355	1	3.819	0.092		449.527	1	4.204	0.079
	A²	70.531	1	18.765	0.003**		7891.842	1	73.807	<0.01**
	B²	153.516	1	40.843	<0.01**		525.868	1	4.918	0.062
	C²	0.200	1	0.053	0.824		20.401	1	0.191	0.675
	残差Residual	26.311	7				748.476	7
	失拟项Lack of fit	20.917	3	5.170	0.073		518.806	3	3.012	0.157
	误差Pure error	5.394	4				229.670	4
	总和Cor. total	964.937	16				64259.414	16
	调整R² Adjusted R²	0.970					0.990
根腐病病情指数 Disease index of root rot	模型Model	0.850	9	10.010	<0.01**	产量 Yield	3923.388	9	19.043	<0.01**
	A-A	0	1	0.110	0.750		5.435	1	0.237	0.641
	B-B	0	1	0.380	0.560		0.268	1	0.012	0.917
	C-C	0.020	1	2.120	0.190		6.685	1	0.292	0.606
	AB	0.010	1	1.060	0.340		75.291	1	3.289	0.113
	AC	0.020	1	2.540	0.150		201.712	1	8.811	0.021*
	BC	0.060	1	5.840	0.046*		149.767	1	6.542	0.038*
	A²	0.070	1	7.330	0.03*		1770.537	1	77.343	<0.01**
	B²	0.160	1	16.630	<0.01**		1514.322	1	66.150	<0.01**
	C²	0.450	1	47.260	<0.01**		0.115	1	0.005	0.945
	残差Residual	0.070	7				160.245	7
	失拟项Lack of fit	0.050	3	3.120	0.150		103.970	3	2.463	0.202
	误差Pure error	0.020	4				56.275	4
	总和Cor. total	0.920	16				4083.633	16
	调整R² Adjusted R²	0.920					0.960

	灌水量Irrigation amount	施肥量 Fertilizer application rate	施药量 Pesticide application rate	生长综合指数 Growth comprehensive index	光合性能综合指数 Photosynthetic performance comprehensive index	灌溉水利用效率 IWUE	肥料偏生产力 PFP	根腐病病情指数 Disease index of root rot	产量 Yield
灌水量Irrigation amount	1.000
施肥量Fertilizer application rate	0	1.000
施药量Pesticide application rate	0	0	1.000
生长综合指数 Growth comprehensive index	0.034	-0.018	-0.058	1.000
光合性能综合指数 Photosynthetic performance comprehensive index	0.344	-0.023	-0.078	0.890**	1.000
灌溉水利用效率IWUE	-0.864**	-0.024	0.003	0.191	-0.060	1.000
肥料偏生产力PFP	-0.039	-0.926**	-0.001	0.151	0.200	0.189	1.000
根腐病病情指数 Disease index of root rot	0.047	0.089	-0.209	-0.798**	-0.582*	-0.199	-0.128	1.000
产量Yield	-0.046	-0.010	-0.051	0.497	0.566*	0.517	0.332	-0.246	1.000

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水平 Level	灌水量 Irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer application rate (kg·hm^-2)	施药量 Pesticide application rate (L·hm^-2)
-1	2423	330	300
0	3230	495	450
1	4037	660	600

处理 <BOLD>T</BOLD>reatment	灌水量 Irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer application rate (kg·hm^-2)	施药量 Pesticide application rate (L·hm^-2)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
CK1	3230	495	450	142
CK2	3230	330	600	136
T1	3213	493	449	138