西北绿洲灌区麦后复种绿肥对减量施氮春小麦生长及产量的补偿效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对西北绿洲灌区传统春小麦种植氮肥投入量大、利用率低、肥源单一等问题，通过研究减量施氮条件下麦后复种绿肥对春小麦光合源、生长特性及产量的影响，以期为构建试区春小麦节氮高产绿色种植模式提供技术支撑。【方法】2021—2023年在河西走廊绿洲灌区进行裂区试验，主区设置麦后休闲（W）和麦后复种毛叶苕子（W-G）2种种植模式，裂区为传统全量施氮100%（N1，180 kg·hm^-2）、减量施氮15%（N2，153 kg·hm^-2）和减量施氮30%（N3，126 kg·hm^-2）3种施氮水平。测定并计算不同处理下春小麦光合源、叶片持绿性、生长特性、产量表现相关指标，构建干物质积累Logistic方程、不同指标之间的相关性和补偿指数，探究复种绿肥对减氮春小麦生长及产量的补偿效应。【结果】麦后复种绿肥可在一定程度上补偿减氮造成光合源、生长特性及产量的损失，其中以麦后复种绿肥结合减氮15%（W-GN2）补偿效果最佳，表现为超补偿与等量补偿效应。复种绿肥显著提高春小麦生育后期叶面积指数、光合势和叶片持绿性，W-GN2较麦后休闲传统全量施氮（WN1）在苗后75—90 d平均叶面积指数、总光合势和叶片持绿性分别提高17.7%、17.5%和7.6%。W-GN2优化了春小麦生长特性，较WN1全生育期平均干物质积累量、干物质最大增长速率、群体生长速率分别提高6.2%、6.9%和5.1%，净同化率显著降低6.2%。因复种绿肥对于光合源和生长特性的补偿，导致春小麦生育后期仍保持较高的光合作用、群体生长和干物质积累速率，从而提升籽粒产量。其中W-GN2籽粒产量较WN1提高14.7%，主要归功于复种绿肥对穗数、千粒重和收获指数的补偿，且W-GN2较WN1分别提高6.5%、6.9%和13.2%。相关性分析发现W-GN2处理在光合源、生长特性和籽粒产量形成方面具有更优表现，且主要通过对春小麦光合源的补偿来促进产量的形成。【结论】麦后复种毛叶苕子配合减量施氮15%,可作为西北绿洲灌区调控春小麦光合源与生长特性以实现节氮、增产的理想生产技术。

关键词: 绿肥还田, 减量施氮, 春小麦, 光合源, 生长特性, 产量, 补偿指数

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the problems of large amount of nitrogen fertilizer input, low utilization rate and single fertilizer source in traditional spring wheat planting in the oasis irrigation area of Northwest China, the effects of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat on photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and yield of spring wheat under the condition of reduced nitrogen application were studied, with a view to provide the technical support for the construction of a nitrogen-saving and high-yield green planting model of spring wheat in the experimental area. 【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the oasis irrigation area of Hexi Corridor from 2021 to 2023. The main area was set up with two planting modes: post-wheat fallow (W) and post-wheat multiple cropping of hairy leaf (W-G), and the split plot was the traditional full nitrogen application of 100% (N1, 180 kg·hm^-2), reduced nitrogen application of 15% (N2, 153 kg·hm^-2) and reduced nitrogen application of 30% (N3, 126 kg·hm^-2). The photosynthetic source, stay-green of leaves, growth characteristics and yield performance related indicators of spring wheat under different treatments were measured and calculated. The Logistic equation of dry matter accumulation, the correlation between different indicators and the compensation index were constructed. The objective was to explore the compensation effect of multiple cropping green manure on the growth and yield of nitrogen-reduced spring wheat. 【Result】Post-wheat multiple cropping of green manure could compensate for the loss of photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and yield caused by nitrogen reduction to a certain extent. Among them, the compensation effect was the best under the condition of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat combined with 15% nitrogen reduction (W-GN2), which showed super compensation and equal compensation effect. Multiple cropping of green manure significantly increased leaf area index, leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves in spring wheat at the late reproductive stage. Compared with the traditional post-wheat fallow total nitrogen fertilization (WN1), W-GN2 increased the average leaf area index, leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves by 17.7%, 17.5% and 7.6% on the 75-90 days after seedling, respectively. W-GN2 optimized the growth characteristics of spring wheat. Compared with WN1, the average dry matter accumulation, the maximum growth rate of dry matter and crop growth rate under W-GN2 increased by 6.2%, 6.9% and 5.1%, respectively, and the net assimilation rate decreased by 6.2%. Due to the compensation of multiple cropping green manure for photosynthetic source and growth characteristics, the photosynthesis, population growth and material accumulation rate of spring wheat remained high in the late growth stage, which was conducive to the improvement of grain yield. The grain yield under W-GN2 was 14.7% higher than that under WN1, which was mainly attributed to the compensation of the spike number, 1000-grain weight and harvest index by multiple cropping green manure, and W-GN2 was 6.5%, 6.9% and 13.2% higher than that under WN1, respectively. According to the correlation analysis, it was found that W-GN2 treatment had better performance in photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and grain yield formation, and mainly promoted the formation of yield by compensating the photosynthetic source of spring wheat. 【Conclusion】Multiple cropping of hairy vetch after spring wheat with 15% reduction of nitrogen application could be used as a perfect production technology to regulate the photosynthetic source and growth characteristics of spring wheat in the northwest oasis irrigation area to achieve nitrogen saving and yield increase.

Key words: green manure returning to field, nitrogen reduction, spring wheat, source of photosynthesis, growth characteristics, grain yield, compensation index

仇海龙, 李盼, 张殿凯, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 陈桂平, 范虹, 何蔚, 殷文, 赵连豪. 西北绿洲灌区麦后复种绿肥对减量施氮春小麦生长及产量的补偿效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(3): 443-459.

QIU HaiLong, LI Pan, ZHANG DianKai, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, CHEN GuiPing, FAN Hong, HE Wei, YIN Wen, ZHAO LianHao. Compensatory Effects of Multiple Cropping Green Manure on Growth and Yield Loss of Nitrogen-Reduced Spring Wheat in Oasis Irrigation Areas of Northwest China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(3): 443-459.

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年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N level	回归方程 Regression equation	最大增长速率 Maximum increase rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	最大增长速率出现时间 Days of MIR (d)	平均增长速率 Average increase rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	R²
2021	W-G	N1	y=19923/（1+e^4.883-0.101*^t）	501.6b	48.5c	268.8a	0.999
		N2	y=20928/（1+e^4.840-0.100*^t）	522.8a	48.4c	258.3b	0.999
		N3	y=17292/（1+e^4.949-0.101*^t）	437.7d	48.9b	241.7d	0.999
	W	N1	y=19442/（1+e^4.814-0.099*^t）	483.3c	48.4c	255.4b	0.998
		N2	y=19005/（1+e^4.830-0.099*^t）	471.3c	48.7bc	220.8c	0.998
		N3	y=16279/（1+e^4.863-0.097*^t）	393.3e	50.3a	206.6e	0.999
2022	W-G	N1	y=19223/（1+e^{4.842-0.102*t}）	489.3b	47.6c	254.4a	0.998
		N2	y=19665/（1+e^4.877-0.103*^t）	507.4a	47.2c	248.6ab	0.997
		N3	y=16732/（1+e^4.864-0.100*^t）	419.4d	48.5b	244.2b	0.997
	W	N1	y=19095/（1+e^4.854-0.101*^t）	483.1b	48.0c	248.3ab	0.998
		N2	y=18900/（1+e^4.744-0.097*^t）	459.7c	48.8b	217.1c	0.998
		N3	y=16430/（1+e^4.854-0.096*^t）	395.4e	50.4a	209.4d	0.999
2023	W-G	N1	y=20176/（1+e^4.682-0.097*^t）	486.7b	48.5bc	270.4a	0.999
		N2	y=20840/（1+e^4.776-0.099*^t）	516.0a	48.2c	258.3b	0.999
		N3	y=17257/（1+e^4.597-0.094*^t）	407.6d	48.7b	246.8c	0.999
	W	N1	y=19684/（1+e^4.702-0.097*^t）	479.7b	48.2c	251.7bc	0.998
		N2	y=18834/（1+e^4.561-0.094*^t）	441.6c	48.6b	222.2d	0.999
		N3	y=16164/（1+e^4.546-0.093*^t）	374.2e	49.1a	208.3e	0.999
显著性分析（P值） Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)				**	*	**
施氮水平 N application rate (N)				**	NS	**
种植模式 × 施氮水平C × N				**	NS	*

年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N level	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)		生物产量 Biological yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index	产量 Yield
年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N level	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)		生物产量 Biological yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index	穗数 Spike number per area (×10⁴ hm²)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)
2021	W-G	N1	8199b		19333a	0.424b	796.75b	30.87b	41.87a
		N2	8565a		19340a	0.443a	832.25a	31.60a	42.33a
		N3	6881e		18925b	0.364e	765.33d	28.47c	36.43d
	W	N1	7472c		19331a	0.387c	783.08c	30.67b	39.67b
		N2	7235d		19294ab	0.375 d	781.25 d	28.40 c	38.27 c
		N3	6197f		18045c	0.343f	746.25e	27.47d	35.40e
2022	W-G	N1	8033b		19228ab	0.418b	810.08b	30.73a	41.57b
		N2	8497a		19354a	0.439a	834.42a	31.60a	42.33a
		N3	6825d		18592c	0.367cd	755.33e	27.90b	36.37e
	W	N1	7405c		18851bc	0.393c	784.58c	30.63a	39.97c
		N2	7002d		18479c	0.379de	770.92d	28.13b	38.27d
		N3	6197e		17517d	0.354e	745.58e	27.47c	35.47f
2023	W-G	N1	7799b		18819a	0.414b	799.14b	30.65b	42.30a
		N2	8262a		18987a	0.435a	824.75a	31.23a	42.50a
		N3	6484e		18087bc	0.358e	783.59c	28.32e	34.51d
	W	N1	7199c		18710ab	0.385c	785.43c	29.77c	39.35b
		N2	6965d		18625ab	0.374d	781.00d	29.03d	35.11c
		N3	6173f		17437c	0.354e	729.74e	27.07f	31.42e
显著性分析（P值）Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)				**	NS	**	**	**	**
施氮水平 N application rate (N)				**	*	**	*	*	*
种植模式 × 施氮水平C × N				**	NS	*	*	NS	*