施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】农业生态系统增温潜势是影响全球气候变化的重要部分。本研究通过田间试验明确施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田增温潜势的影响，以期为减缓气候变化和农业废弃物资源化利用提供理论依据。【方法】在山东省桓台县农业生态系统试验站的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田中开展了3年田间定位试验，试验共设置4个处理：① 对照（CK）；② 施用生物炭9.0 t·hm^-2·a^-1（C）；③ 全量秸秆还田（S）；④秸秆还田配施9.0 t·hm^-2·a^-1生物炭（CS）。4个处理均施等量的氮磷钾化肥，其中氮肥为尿素，用量为200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1，磷肥为过磷酸钙，用量为55 kg·hm^-2·a^-1，钾肥为硫酸钾，用量为40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定各处理温室气体（CO₂、N₂O和CH₄）的排放通量并计算净全球增温潜势（NGWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI），分析连续施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响。【结果】（1）综合3年的温室气体排放情况，与CK处理相比，S和CS处理的年平均生态呼吸排放量（Re）分别增加了47.8%和67.9%（P<0.05）；C处理的年平均N₂O累积排放量降低了20.3%（P<0.05），而S和CS处理的N₂O年平均累积排放量分别增加了23.6%和41.4%（P<0.05）。（2）与CK处理相比，C、S和CS处理的土壤有机碳年平均变化量（ΔSOC）均有显著增加，其中CS处理增幅最大，增加了150.6%（P<0.05）。与第1年相比，C、S和CS处理第3年的ΔSOC均有显著增加（P<0.05），分别增加了21.7%、20.8%和17.8%。各处理的NGWP和GHGI均存在显著差异，与CK相比，C、S和CS处理的年平均NGWP分别降低了163.5%、171.7%和273.0%（P<0.05），与第1年相比，C、S和CS处理第3年的NGWP均有显著降低（P<0.05），分别降低了73.4%、58.8%和54.7%。与CK相比，C、S和CS处理的年平均GHGI分别降低了236.2%、253.3%和388.9%（P<0.05），C、S和CS处理第3年的GHGI较第1年分别降低了126.3%、98.2%和108.6%（P<0.05）。就产量而言，C、S和CS处理的作物产量保持相对稳定，有轻微增长，但与CK相比无显著差异。【结论】与单施化肥相比，在施化肥的基础上添加生物炭、秸秆还田、秸秆还田配施生物炭的措施均能够在不影响作物产量的前提下抑制增温潜势，其中秸秆还田配施生物炭能够最大程度地降低农田增温潜势，因此秸秆还田配施生物炭是增加农田固碳、缓解气候变化的一项有效措施。

关键词: 生物炭, 秸秆还田, 温室气体, 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作, 土壤有机碳变化量, 净全球增温潜势, 温室气体排放强度

Abstract:

【Objective】The global warming potential of agro-ecosystem is an important part of affecting global climate change. This study clarified the effects of biochar and straw application on the global warming potential of farmland through field experiments, in order to provide theoretical basis for mitigating climate change and agricultural waste resource utilization. 【Method】In our study, a three-year field positioning experiment was carried out in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation farmland in the Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station in Huantai County, Shandong Province. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: ① control (CK); ② biochar (C); ③ straw return(S); ④ straw return combined with biochar (CS). The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied in all treatments. The nitrogen fertilizer was 200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 urea, the phosphate fertilizer was 55 kg·hm^-2·a^-1superphosphate and the potassium fertilizer was 40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 potassium sulfate. We measured the flux of greenhouse gases (CO₂, N₂O and CH₄) by static chamber-gas chromatography method, calculated the net global warming potential (NGWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI), and analyzed the effect of biochar and straw on the greenhouse gas emissions and the net global warming potential. 【Result】(1) From the emission of greenhouse gases in the three-year experiment, the average annual cumulative Re emissions of S and CS treatments increased by 47.8% and 67.9% (P<0.05), respectively, compared with CK. The average annual cumulative N₂O emission under C treatment reduced by 20.3% than CK treatment (P<0.05), and the cumulative N₂O emission under S and CS treatments increased by 23.6% and 41.4% (P<0.05), respectively. (2) In comparison with CK treatment, soil organic carbon change (ΔSOC) of C, S and CS treatments increased significantly, and the largest increase was in the CS treatment by 150.6% (P<0.05). Compared with the first year, soil organic carbon change (ΔSOC) of C, S and CS treatments increased by 21.7%, 20.8% and 17.8% (P<0.05), respectively. There were significant differences in net global warming potential (NGWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) among all treatments. Compared with CK treatment, the average annual NGWP of C, S and CS treatments decreased by 163.5%, 171.7% and 273.0% (P<0.05). Compared with the first year, the NGWP of C, S and CS treatments in the third year decreased by 73.4%, 58.8% and 54.7% (P<0.05), respectively. The annual average GHGI of C, S and CS treatments decreased by 236.2%, 253.3% and 388.9% than CK treatment (P<0.05), respectively. In comparison with the first rotation, the GHGI of C, S and CS treatments in the third rotation decreased significantly by 126.3%, 98.2% and 108.6% (P<0.05), respectively. The yield of C, S and CS treatments remained stable with a slight increase, but there was no significant difference between the yield of CK, C, S and CS treatments. 【Conclusion】Compared with applying chemical fertilizer alone, the methods of adding biochar, straw return and straw return combined with biochar could prevent the NGWP without reducing crop yield. Among these treatments, straw return combined with biochar could reduce the net global warming potential to the greatest extent. Therefore, straw return combined with biochar is an effective measure to enhance carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change.

Key words: biochar, straw return, greenhouse gas, winter wheat-summer maize rotation, soil organic carbon, net global warming potential (NGWP), greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI)

高尚洁, 刘杏认, 李迎春, 柳晓婉. 施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(5): 935-949.

GAO ShangJie, LIU XingRen, LI YingChun, LIU XiaoWan. Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential in the Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 935-949.

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试验处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2·a^-1)	ΔSOC (t C·hm^-2·a^-1)	NGWP (t CO₂-eq·hm^-2·a^-1)	GHGI (t CO₂-eq·t^-1)
CK	12.32±0.09a	0.62±0.03d	-1.05±0.07a	-0.12±0.01a
C	12.93±0.44a	1.04±0.04c	-2.76±0.24b	-0.42±0.02b
S	13.35±0.31a	1.17±0.06b	-2.84±0.35b	-0.44±0.04b
CS	13.58±0.18a	1.55±0.04a	-3.90±0.17c	-0.61±0.02c