局部供氮对干旱胁迫下玉米苗期生长发育和水氮利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】春旱频繁和过度施氮不利于春玉米苗期生长发育，并对后期生长和产量造成负面影响。研究干旱胁迫下局部供氮对玉米苗期生长、根系形态和水氮利用的影响，以期为促进玉米苗期根系发育、实现水氮高效利用和高产稳产提供技术依据。【方法】2021和2022年设置玉米水、氮两因素分根盆栽试验，设计5种供氮方式：不施氮（两侧均不施氮，N0/N0）、均匀低氮（两侧均低氮，LN/LN）、局部低氮（A侧低氮而B侧不施氮，LN/N0）、均匀高氮（两侧均高氮，HN/HN）和局部高氮（A侧高氮而B侧不施氮，HN/N0），供氮一侧LN和HN的施氮量分别为每kg干土中施氮0.12和0.24 g；水分管理于三叶期开始并持续3周，设计3个土壤水分状况：重度干旱（35%田间持水量，W0）、适度干旱（55%田间持水量，W1）和正常水分（75%田间持水量，W2）。水分管理结束后测定植株生长性状、干重、根长、氮素吸收量、耗水量、水氮利用效率等指标。【结果】干旱胁迫显著抑制玉米苗期的植株生长、干物质累积和氮素吸收，但提高根冠比。相比W2，W0导致总根长平均降低48.0%，而W1对根长影响较小。干旱胁迫降低玉米的氮素回收利用率，W0和W1较W2平均分别下降10.1和4.6个百分点，W0还导致水分利用效率平均降低19.4%，而W1则使水分利用效率平均提高11.9%。供氮方式也显著影响玉米苗期的植株生长、干物质累积与氮素吸收利用，而且水氮两因素呈现出显著的交互作用。基于2022年结果，LN/LN地上部干重最高，W0、W1和W2条件下相比N0/N0分别提高8.3%、12.6%和23.6%。根系干重以LN/N0最高，3个水分条件下较N0/N0分别提高9.5%、17.0%和31.2%，且W1和W2条件下显著提高根冠比。HN/HN对玉米苗期生长的负面影响最严重，地上部干重在W0、W1和W2条件下较N0/N0分别下降30.1%、14.6%和7.0%，根系干重降幅更高（41.0%、44.2%和34.9%），因此显著降低根冠比。HN/N0对地上部干重影响较小，但显著降低根干重和根冠比。相比N0/N0，HN/HN和HN/N0均导致根长显著降低，而LN/N0通过促进未供氮一侧的根系增殖而显著增加总根长。施氮显著提高氮素吸收量，各水分条件下均以LN/LN较高，而LN/N0较低，氮素回收利用率则以LN/LN较高，而HN/HN较低。随干旱胁迫程度的减轻，各处理间氮素吸收量和氮素回收利用率的差异明显增大。植株耗水量和水分利用效率均以LN/LN和LN/N0较高，其次为HN/N0，而HN/HN最低。与不施氮相比，均匀或局部低氮对玉米苗期发育呈现促进作用，而均匀或局部高氮则呈抑制作用，而且干旱胁迫程度增加导致均匀或局部高氮供应的负面效应加剧。总体上，局部供氮方式较均匀供氮方式对根系生长的影响更大，诱导了根系的形态可塑性反应。相关分析发现，不同水分和供氮条件下，玉米苗期地上部干重、水分利用效率、氮素回收利用率与总根长均呈显著的正相关关系。对于局部供氮方式，未供氮一侧根长与地上部干重、水分利用效率和氮素回收利用率的相关性更高。【结论】与均匀供氮相比，局部供氮方式可促进玉米苗期根系在未施氮一侧的大量增殖而增加干重并提高总根长。推荐采用局部低氮供应方式施用基肥以促进苗期根系发育，提高水分利用效率和植株耐旱性。

关键词: 局部供氮, 干旱胁迫, 玉米苗期, 根系生长, 分根培养, 水氮利用

Abstract:

【Objective】Frequent spring drought and excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer would hinder maize seedling growth and development, and may negatively affect plant growth during middle-late periods and final grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects of localized supply of N fertilizer on maize seedling growth, root morphology, water and N utilization under drought stress conditions, ait of nitrogen inputs on graming to provide a technical basis for promoting root development, improving water and N use efficiencies, and achieving high and stable yields in maize production.【Method】The split-root pot experiments with different water and N levels were conducted in 2021 and 2022. Five N supply patterns were designed: no N supply (N0/N0), uniform low N supply (LN/LN), localized low N supply (LN/N0), uniform high N supply (HN/HN), and localized high N supply (HN/N0). The N rates were 0.12 and 0.24 g N·kg^-1 dry soil for LN and HN levels, respectively. Water management was initiated from 3-leaf stage and lasted for 3 weeks, including three soil moisture content: severe water-stress (35% of field capacity, W0), moderate water-stress (55% of field capacity, W1), and well-watered conditions (75% of field capacity, W2). At the end of the water management period, plant growth traits, shoot dry matter (DM), shoot N uptake, root DM, root length, and water and N use efficiency (WUE, NUE) were measured. 【Result】 The water stress significantly limited plant growth, DM accumulation, and N uptake in maize seedlings, but increased root shoot ratio. Compared with W2, the total root length under W0 was reduced by 48.0%, while the effects were relatively less under W1. The water stress reduced NUE in maize, with average decreases of 10.1 and 4.6 percentage points under W0 and W1, respectively, compared to W2, and the WUE was decreased by 19.4% under W0 and increased by 11.9% under W1. The N supply patterns also significantly affected plant growth, DM accumulation, N uptake and utilization in maize seedlings, and the two factors of water and nitrogen showed significant interaction. Based on the results obtained in 2022, the highest shoot DM was observed in LN/LN, and which were 8.3%, 12.6% and 23.6% higher than those in N0/N0 under W0, W1 and W2, respectively. Nevertheless, the highest root DM was observed in LN/N0, with the increases of 9.5%, 17.0%, and 31.2% higher than that in N0/N0 under the three water levels. Moreover, the LN/N0 increased significantly root﹕shoot ratio under both W1 and W2. The HN/HN had the most severe negative impacts on maize seedling growth, with 30.1%, 14.6%, and 7.0% lower shoot DM as compared with N0/N0 under W0, W1 and W2, respectively. The larger decreases in root DM (41.0%, 44.2% and 34.9%, respectively) were observed in HN/HN, thus resulting in significant reductions in root﹕shoot ratio. The HN/N0 showed a relatively less effect on shoot DM, but significantly reduced root DM and root﹕shoot ratio. Compared with N0/N0, both HN/HN and HN/N0 resulted in significant decreases in root length, whereas LN/N0 significantly increased total root length by promoting root proliferation on the side without N supply. The application of N fertilizer significantly increased plant N uptake, with higher value in LN/LN but lower in LN/N0 across all water levels. With regard to NUE, which was higher in LN/LN while lower in HN/HN. The differences in N uptake and NUE among treatments increased with reducing water stress levels. Both plant water consumption and WUE were higher in LN/LN and LN/N0, followed by HN/N0, whereas the lowest values were observed in HN/HN. Compared with N0/N0, uniform or localized low N supply showed promoting effects on maize seedling growth, while uniform or localized high N supply had negative effects that intensified with increasing water stress levels. Overall, localized N supply had a greater effect on root growth relative to uniform N supply, inducing a morphological plasticity response in the root system. The correlation analysis results indicated that shoot DM, WUE and NUE had positive and significant relationships with total root length of maize seedlings across different water levels and N supply patterns. For the localized N supply treatments, the correlation between root length on the side without N supply and shoot DM, WUE and NUE was higher.【Conclusion】In comparison to uniform N supply, the localized N supply effectively promoted root proliferation on the side without N supply during maize seedling stage, resulting in increased root DM and total root length. Hence, the localized supply with a lower N rate was recommended to enhance drought tolerance of maize seedlings and improve WUE.

Key words: localized nitrogen supply, drought stress, maize seedling, root growth, split root cultivation, water and nitrogen utilization

王语, 张渝鹏, 朱冠亚, 廖航烯, 侯文峰, 高强, 王寅. 局部供氮对干旱胁迫下玉米苗期生长发育和水氮利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(5): 919-934.

WANG Yu, ZHANG YuPeng, ZHU GuanYa, LIAO HangXi, HOU WenFeng, GAO Qiang, WANG Yin. Effects of Localized Nitrogen Supply on Plant Growth and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Maize Seedling Under Drought Stress[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 919-934.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.008

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2024/V57/I5/919

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表2

2022年不同水分条件下，供氮方式对玉米苗期地上部干重、水氮利用效率与根长的相关关系的影响"

土壤水分 Soil water condition	全部处理总根长 Total root length in all N treatments (n=60)	均匀供氮总根长 Total root length in uniform N treatments (n=36)	局部供氮总根长 Total root length in localized N treatments (n=24)	供氮一侧根长 Root length in the side with N supply in localized N treatments (n=24)	不供氮一侧根长 Root length in the side without N supply in localized N treatments (n=24)
地上部干重与根长的相关关系 Relationships between shoot dry matter (g/plant) and root length (m)
W0	y=0.1108x+6.7259 R²=0.752**	y=0.135x+5.9617 R²=0.861**	y=0.0751x+8.0753 R²=0.614*	y=0.1488x+9.0182 R²=0.599**	y=0.139x+7.4805 R²=0.576*
W1	y=0.0553x+15.243 R²=0.556**	y=0.0848x+13.296 R²=0.710**	y=0.0333x+17.004 R²=0.487*	y=0.0693x+17.57 R²=0.501*	y=0.0616x+16.628 R²=0.454*
W2	y=0.0673x+20.093 R²=0.580**	y=0.0984x+17.668 R²=0.710**	y=0.0359x+23.072 R²=0.547*	y=0.0854x+23.337 R²=0.610*	y=0.0598x+22.997 R²=0.486*
水分利用效率与根长的相关关系 Relationships between water use efficiency (g·L^-1) and root length (m)
W0	y=0.0153x+2.1425 R²=0.708**	y=0.017x+2.0916 R²=0.746**	y=0.0129x+2.2265 R²=0.649**	y=0.0244x+2.4096 R²=0.574*	y=0.0251x+2.0915 R²=0.667**
W1	y=0.0055x+3.1778 R²=0.694**	y=0.0056x+3.1614 R²=0.739**	y=0.0051x+3.242 R²=0.572*	y= 0.0099x+3.3503 R²=0.524*	y=0.0099x+3.1551 R²=0.595**
W2	y=0.0067x+2.7533 R²=0.696**	y=0.0078x+2.6482 R²=0.839**	y=0.0051x+2.928 R²=0.509*	y=0.0114x+2.9994 R²=0.492*	y=0.0091x+2.8848 R²=0.512*
氮素回收利用率与根长的相关关系 Relationships between nitrogen recovery efficiency (%) and root length (m)
W0	y=0.1044x+1.21 R²=0.464**	y=0.1394x-0.1692 R²=0.721**	y=0.037x+4.3722 R²=0.072^ns	y=0.0511x+5.2085 R²=0.034^ns	y=0.0885x+3.4954 R²=0.113^ns
W1	y= 0.09x+5.9841 R²=0.613**	y=0.1078x+3.8694 R²=0.724**	y=0.0472x+10.917 R²=0.372^ns	y=0.099x+11.682 R²=0.391^ns	y=0.0863x+10.436 R²=0.340^ns
W2	y=0.1003x+8.5723 R²=0.438**	y=0.2071x+1.6676 R²=0.933**	y=0.0132x+15.741 R²=0.045^ns	y=0.0319x+15.822 R²=0.051^ns	y= 0.0218x+15.73 R²=0.039^ns

表2

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土壤水分 Soil water condition	供氮方式 N supply pattern	2021			2022
土壤水分 Soil water condition	供氮方式 N supply pattern	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶片SPAD Leaf SPAD	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶片SPAD Leaf SPAD
W0	N0/N0	67.4a	24.1a	46.1b	74.0ab	22.0a	43.3c
	LN/LN				79.6a	22.6a	45.5b
	LN/N0				74.7ab	22.9a	44.1bc
	HN/HN	58.8b	20.4b	50.9a	68.4c	19.7b	48.0a
	HN/N0	64.1a	22.9ab	48.8ab	72.9bc	20.8ab	46.7ab
W1	N0/N0	92.1a	34.0a	43.7b	102.2ab	36.1b	36.4c
	LN/LN				104.4a	38.8a	41.5ab
	LN/N0				100.0ab	37.4ab	40.1b
	HN/HN	83.5b	32.7a	48.6a	96.7b	36.8ab	44.1a
	HN/N0	89.4ab	35.4a	45.9ab	101.4ab	37.7ab	43.2a
W2	N0/N0	100.6a	36.8a	42.5b	106.7b	40.6b	37.2c
	LN/LN				115.7a	43.9a	40.3ab
	LN/N0				111.6ab	43.2a	38.5bc
	HN/HN	98.8a	36.5a	45.4a	107.7b	41.9ab	42.2a
	HN/N0	103.5a	38.1a	45.3a	112.5ab	42.3ab	40.8ab
方差分析 ANOVA
水分 W		<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**
氮素 N		<0.01**	0.044*	<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**	<0.01**
水分×氮素 W×N		0.289 ^ns	0.549 ^ns	0.890 ^ns	0.835 ^ns	0.524 ^ns	<0.01**