不同含油量油菜品种的养分吸收积累与利用效率特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.24.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】比较不同含油量油菜品种养分吸收累积动态变化，明确高含油量油菜对氮磷钾养分的需求及利用特征，为发挥油菜高产油潜能、提高养分利用效率提供理论依据。【方法】于2019—2021年通过田间和盆栽试验，分析高含油量油菜品种（中油杂19，简称Z19）和普通含油量对照品种（华油杂12，简称H12和华油杂62，简称H62）不同生育时期生物量、氮磷钾积累量的动态变化以及成熟期产油量、养分利用率的差异，探讨高含油量油菜品种养分需求特征。【结果】两年试验结果均表明Z19的籽粒产量显著低于H62（8.5%—20.4%），但与H12差异不大，而含油量显著高于H12和H62（10.1%—26.7%）。监测2020—2021生长季田间试验和盆栽试验中植株生物量和养分动态变化，结果表明不同生育时期Z19生物量均低于H62，在角果期前与H12没有显著差异，角果期和成熟期Z19生物量不同程度地高于H12。田间试验花期后和盆栽试验整个生育期Z19植株氮含量均低于H12和H62，钾含量在整个生育期内均不同程度高于H12和H62，磷含量没有一致性差异。不同生育时期Z19的氮积累量比H62低19.2%—29.0%，盆栽试验的Z19比H12低9.8%—13.1%；Z19的钾积累量与H62无显著差异，但除花期外比H12高7.4%—39.2%。Z19磷素积累量介于H62与H12之间，田间试验中显著高于H12，盆栽试验中显著低于H62。Z19的氮素生理利用效率及产油效率高于H12和H62，钾素生理利用效率低于H12和H62，但钾素产油效率没有显著差异，3个品种的磷素生理利用效率没有显著差异，而Z19的磷素产油效率显著高于H12。¹⁵N标记表明，花期前3个品种氮肥利用效率没有显著差异，花期开始Z19氮肥利用率低于H12和H62。【结论】高含油量油菜品种Z19的钾需求量较高，氮素生理利用效率较高且需求量相对较少，磷需求量及利用率无明显差异。在农业生产中，相对普遍油菜品种，高含油量油菜品种更要重视钾肥的施用，但可以适当调减氮肥用量。

关键词: 油菜, 含油量, 产量, 养分积累量, 养分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】To clarify the requirements of oilseed rape cultivars characterized by high-oil content for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrients, the dynamic nutrient accumulation rates of cultivars with different oil content were compared, so as to provide a theoretical basis on precise nutrient management for realizing high oil yield potential. 【Method】The field and pot experiments were carried out during 2019-2021 oilseed rape growth seasons to monitor the dynamic changes in biomass, NPK content and accumulation rates of oilseed rapes cultivars with high oil content (Zhongyouza 19, Z19) and conventional oil content control cultivars (Huayouza 12, H12, and Huayouza 62, H62). And then the differences in nutrient utilization efficiency were analyzed.【Result】The results of two-year experiments showed that the seed yield of Z19 was obviously lower than that of H62 by 8.5%-20.4%, but there was little difference in seed yield between Z19 and H12. However, the oil content of Z19 was significantly higher than those of H12 and H62 (10.1%-26.7%). By monitoring the dynamic biomass and nutrient content in the field and pot traits during the 2020/2021 growth seasons, it was claimed that the biomass of Z19 was lower than that of H62, which was higher than that of H12 at podding and mature stage with different degrees, while there was minor difference in biomass between Z19 and H12 before podding stage. The N content of Z19 was significantly lower than H12 and H62 during growth in pot experiment and after flowering stage in field experiment. And K content of Z19 was higher than H12 and H62 during growth. However, there was no consistent changes in P content between field and pot experiments among three cultivars. Consequently, the N accumulation rates of Z19 were lower than that of H62 by 19.2%-29.0% and lower than that of H12 by 9.8%-13.1% in pot experiment. The K accumulation rate of Z19 was higher than H12 by 7.4%-39.2% except for the flowering stage. Moreover, the P accumulation rate of Z19 was between those of H62 and H12, which was remarkably higher than that of H12 in the field and significantly lower than that of H62 in the pot. The N utilization efficiency and oil production efficiency of Z19 were significantly higher than those of H12 and H62. Moreover, the K utilization efficiency of Z19 was lower than that of H12 and H62, but the K oil production efficiency of Z19 was close to that of H12 and H62. There was minor difference in P utilization efficiency among 3 cultivars, but the P oil production efficiency of Z19 was significantly higher than that of H12. ¹⁵N labeling indicated that there was no obviously difference in N fertilizer use efficiency among three cultivars until flowering stage, after which N fertilizer use efficiency of Z19 was significantly lower than that of H12 and H62.【Conclusion】In summary, high-oil content cultivar, Z19, had a higher demand for K and a lower demand for N with a higher N utilization efficiency. In agricultural production, K fertilizer could be supplemented for high-oil content cultivar, and less N fertilizer could be applied in comparison to the conventional oilseed rape cultivars.

Key words: oilseed rape, oil content, yield, nutrient accumulation rate, nutrient utilization efficiency

胡文诗, 李银水, 赵曼利, 张珊珊, 顾炽明, 代晶, 李小勇, 杨璐, 秦璐, 廖星. 不同含油量油菜品种的养分吸收积累与利用效率特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(24): 4895-4905.

HU WenShi, LI YinShui, ZHAO ManLi, ZHANG ShanShan, GU ChiMing, DAI Jing, LI XiaoYong, YANG Lu, QIN Lu, LIAO Xing. Characteristics of Oilseed Rape Cultivar with Different Oil Content in Nutrient Dynamitic Accumulation Rates and Utilization Efficiency[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(24): 4895-4905.

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时间 Time	地点 Site	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K content (mg·kg^-1)
2019-2020	黄冈田间Field at Huanggang	7.5	14.9	75.7	11.84	98.1
2019-2020	信阳田间Field at Xinyang	6.6	25.4	121.1	6.30	326.5
2020-2021	信阳田间 Field at Xinyang	6.2	23.0	125.2	5.41	189.6
2020-2021	武汉盆栽 Pot at Wuhan	8.3	16.9	62.6	3.73	72.7

时间 Time	地点 Site	品种 Cultivar	含油量 Oil content (%)	产量 Yield¹⁾ (kg·hm^-2) (g/plant)	产油量Oil yield (kg·hm^-2) (g/plant)
2019- 2020	信阳田间 Field at Xinyang	H12	41.51±1.11 b	2412±66 c	1001±27 b
		H62	42.05±0.91 b	3031±29 a	1275±28 a
		Z19	48.70±0.73 a	2772±84 b	1350±20 a
	黄冈田间 Field at Huanggang	H12	39.86±0.58 b	2789±107 b	1112±43 b
		H62	40.96±0.82 b	3277±207 a	1342±85 a
		Z19	50.49±0.85 a	2961±70 ab	1495±35 a
2020- 2021	信阳田间 Field at Xinyang	H12	40.31±0.54 b	2256±224 b	909±99 b
		H62	39.56±0.75 b	3497±200 a	1383±113 a
		Z19	46.27±2.26 a	2783±291 b	1343±81 a
	武汉盆栽 Pot at Wuhan	H12	32.32±1.16 b	11.51±0.19 b	3.72±0.05 b
		H62	33.37±0.81 b	13.74±0.49 a	4.58±0.13 a
		Z19	37.81±0.40 a	12.16±0.22 b	4.60±0.07 a

地点 Site	品种 Cultivar	生理利用效率 Nutrient utilization efficiency (kg·kg^-1)			产油效率 Nutrient oil production efficiency (kg·kg^-1)
地点 Site	品种 Cultivar	N	P	K	N	P	K
信阳田间 Field at Xinyang	H12	59.4±0.9b	441.0±8.8a	65.2±0.3b	5.83±0.16b	43.28±0.95b	6.41±0.33b
	H62	60.0±0.7b	480.0±7.4a	76.3±0.4a	6.14±0.42b	49.16±3.53ab	7.81±0.46a
	Z19	71.4±0.9a	440.6±5.9a	59.6±0.2c	8.38±0.14a	51.72±0.86a	7.00±0.26ab
武汉盆栽 Pot at Wuhan	H12	71.7±0.8b	665.8±11.1a	76.0±0.5a	7.26±0.11b	67.49±0.57b	7.71±0.24a
	H62	66.4±0.3b	612.1±6.2a	72.4±1.2ab	7.43±0.10b	68.47±0.39b	8.10±0.35a
	Z19	78.9±0.7a	663.3±8.7a	65.9±1.4b	9.81±0.17a	82.40±0.87a	8.20±0.43a

品种 Cultivar	氮肥利用率 N fertilizer use efficiency (%)					肥料氮/土壤氮 The ratio of N derived from fertilizer to soil
品种 Cultivar	越冬期Overwintering	薹期 Bolting	花期 Flowering	角果期 Podding	成熟期Maturity	越冬期Overwintering	薹期 Bolting	花期 Flowering	角果期 Podding	成熟期 Maturity
H12	39.0±2.8a	53.3±0.2a	62.9±2.4b	42.8±1.5b	39.9±0.4ab	2.66±0.16a	2.32±0.05a	2.35±0.04a	2.11±0.04a	1.78±0.04a
H62	39.4±0.7a	52.8±0.9a	70.6±0.3a	50.9±1.0a	42.8±0.9a	2.32±0.05b	2.27±0.09a	2.31±0.01a	2.12±0.09a	1.78±0.05a
Z19	37.4±2.7a	52.2±1.2a	58.4±2.6b	37.4±0.9c	37.6±0.3b	2.31±0.12b	2.34±0.07a	2.19±0.03b	2.09±0.09a	1.76±0.05a