垄沟种植对旱地玉-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (11): 2078-2091.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

垄沟种植对旱地玉-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

吴金芝¹(), 黄修利¹, 侯园泉¹, 田文仲²^,³, 李俊红²^,³, 张洁²^,³, 李芳²^,³, 吕军杰²^,³, 姚宇卿²^,³, 付国占¹, 黄明¹(), 李友军¹()

¹ 河南科技大学农学院，河南洛阳 471023
² 洛阳农林科学院，河南洛阳 471023
³ 中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地，河南洛阳 471023

收稿日期:2022-08-25 接受日期:2022-12-05 出版日期:2023-06-01 发布日期:2023-06-19
通信作者: 黄明，E-mail：huangming_2003@126.com。李友军，E-mail：lyj@haust.edu.cn
联系方式: 吴金芝，E-mail：yywujz@126.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300400); 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0300700); 河南省旱地绿色智慧农业特色骨干学科群建设项目(17100001)

Effects of Ridge and Furrow Planting Patterns on Crop Productivity and Soil Nitrate-N Accumulation in Dryland Summer Maize and Winter Wheat Rotation System

WU JinZhi¹(), HUANG XiuLi¹, HOU YuanQuan¹, TIAN WenZhong²^,³, LI JunHong²^,³, ZHANG Jie²^,³, LI Fang²^,³, LÜ JunJie²^,³, YAO YuQing²^,³, FU GuoZhan¹, HUANG Ming¹(), LI YouJun¹()

¹ College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan
² Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Luoyang 471023, Henan
³ Luoyang Dryland Agriculture Test Site, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luoyang 471023, Henan

Received:2022-08-25 Accepted:2022-12-05 Published:2023-06-01 Online:2023-06-19

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同垄沟种植模式对旱地玉-麦轮作体系作物生产力、土壤性状及土壤硝态氮累积量的影响，为改善旱地土壤肥力，提高作物产量和效率，降低环境风险提供科学依据。【方法】基于中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2004年的长期定位试验，设置6行固定道垄沟种植（6RPRF）、6行每年起垄垄沟种植（6REYRF）、4行固定道垄沟种植（4RPRF）、4行每年起垄垄沟种植（4REYRF）和传统平作（CF）5个处理，分析了2015—2021年度玉米、小麦及其周年的产量、水分利用效率，2020年玉米收获期0—40 cm不同土层的容重、养分含量和酶活性，以及2019—2020年度小麦收获期0—380 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量。【结果】与CF相比，4种垄沟种植下玉米、小麦、周年的6年平均产量分别显著提高8.6%—32.1%、12.5%—25.6%、11.3%—29.6%，水分利用效率分别显著提高8.6%—31.4%、12.5%—31.1%、12.8%—30.3%；0—5 cm和20—40 cm土层的容重分别显著降低7.3%—11.3%和4.9%—11.5%；0—40 cm土层平均有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及脲酶活性分别提高6.0%—19.8%、80.8%—100.0%、28.5%—80.9%、58.5%—141.2%和24.0%—46.9%，0—100 cm土层的硝态氮累积量显著提高38.8%—116.0%，其中，总体以4RPRF处理效果最优，其还可以在硝态氮累积量总量维持在CF水平的同时使0—100 cm土层显著提高38.8%、200—380 cm土层显著降低15.0%，具有提高根层、降低深层土壤硝态氮累积量的作用。固定道垄作模式（PRF）与每年起垄模式（EYRF）相比，玉米和周年的6年平均产量分别显著提高10.6%和9.1%，垄面种植6行模式（6R）下玉米、垄面种植4行模式（4R）下小麦和周年的6年平均水分利用效率分别显著提高21.1%、15.2%和8.2%，土壤养分含量表层提高、下层降低，0—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量显著降低4.9%—30.2%。4行模式较6行模式，玉米和周年的6年平均产量分别显著提高9.9%和6.8%，EYRF下玉米、PRE下小麦和周年的6年平均水分利用效率分别显著提高7.4%、16.5%和6.7%，土壤特性有改善趋势，但其效应因指标而异，且在不同起垄模式和不同土层表现不同。【结论】4行固定道垄沟种植（4RPRF）既可降低土壤容重，提高土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量，又可使玉米、小麦、周年的产量和水分利用效率在多数条件下表现最优，还可以有效降低200—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量，是协同实现旱地雨养玉-麦轮作区作物高产高效和环境友好生产的种植模式。

关键词: 垄沟种植, 旱地, 玉-麦轮作, 土壤性状, 产量, 水分利用效率, 硝态氮

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of the present study was to discuss the effects of different ridge and furrow planting patterns on crop productivity, soil properties and soil nitrate-N accumulation, and thus provided a scientific basis for improving soil fertility, increasing crop yield and water use efficiency, and alleviating environmental risks in summer maize-winter wheat rotation system (namely maize-wheat) in dryland.【Method】A study was carried out at the Luoyang Dry Farming Experimental of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences based on the long-term field experiment initiated in 2004. The experiment included five treatments: permanent ridge and furrow and 6 row wheat planted in ridge (6RPRF), ridge and furrow in each year and other managements kept with 6RPRE (6REYRF), permanent ridge and furrow and 4 row wheat planted in ridge (4RPRF), ridge and furrow in each year and other managements kept with 4RPRF (4REYRF), and conventional flat planting pattern according to the local farmer (CF). The effects of different treatments on the grain yield, water use efficiency of summer maize, winter wheat and the annual in 2015-2021, and the bulk density, nutrient content and enzyme activity in the 0-40 cm soil layer at harvest of summer maize in 2020, and the nitrate-N accumulation in the 0-380 cm soil profile at harvest of winter wheat in 2019-2020 was investigated. 【Result】 Compared with CF, the four ridge and furrow planting patterns improved grain yield in summer maize, winter wheat, and all year by 8.6%-32.1%, 12.5%-25.6%, and 11.3%-29.6%, respectively, and water use efficiency by 8.6%-31.4%, 12.5%-31.1% and 12.8%-30.3%, respectively, averaged across the 6 experimental years from 2015 to 2021. They also significantly decreased the soil bulk density by 7.3%-11.3% in 0-5 cm soil layer and by 4.9%-11.5% in 20-40 cm soil layer, respectively, increased the average content of organic matter by 6.0%-19.8%, total nitrogen by 80.8%-100.0%, available phosphors by 28.5%-80.9%, available potassium by 58.5%-141.2%, urease activity by 24.0%-46.9% in 0-40 cm soil layer, as well as increasing the nitrate-N accumulation by 38.8%-116.0% in 0-100 cm soil layer. Among the four ridge and furrow treatments, 4RPRF had the best productivity and the function of improving root layer but decreasing the sub-layer nitrate-N accumulation, in which the nitrate-N accumulation was significantly increased by 38.7% in the 0-100 cm soil layer but significantly decreased by 15.0% in 200-380 cm soil layer with the total amount in 0-380 cm soil layer maintaining at CF level. Compared with ridge and furrow in each year (EYRF), the 6 year average grain yield in summer maize and all year in permanent ridge and furrow (PRF) treatments were increased by 10.55% and 9.10%, respectively, as well as the WUE in summer maize under 6 rows wheat planted in ridge (6R) pattern, in winter wheat under 4 rows wheat planted in ridge (4R) pattern and in all year were increased by 21.08%, 15.06% and 8.23%, respectively. The soil nutrient content under PRF increased in surface layer but decreased in subsoil layer, and the nitrate nitrate-N accumulation decreased by 4.9%-30.2%, compared with EYRF. Compared with 6R pattern, 4R pattern increased the grain yield in summer maize and in all year by 9.9% and 6.8%, as well as the WUE by 7.4%, 16.5% and 6.7%, respectively, in summer maize under EYRF, in winter wheat under PRF and in all year, averaged across the 6 experimental years. Compared with 6R pattern, 4R pattern had a tendency to improve soil properties, but the effect varied with different indexes, ridge raising patterns and soil layer.【Conclusion】4RPRF could not only reduce soil bulk density and increase soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium contents, but also increase the grain yield and water use efficiency in summer maize, winter wheat and all year under most conditions, and also effectively reduce the nitrate-N accumulation in 200-380 cm soil layer. Therefore, 4RPRF was an alternative planting pattern to achieve high yield, high efficiency and environmentally friendly in dryland summer maize-winter wheat rotation system.

Key words: ridge and furrow planting patterns, dryland, maize-wheat rotation, soil properties, grain yield, water use efficiency, nitrate-N

吴金芝, 黄修利, 侯园泉, 田文仲, 李俊红, 张洁, 李芳, 吕军杰, 姚宇卿, 付国占, 黄明, 李友军. 垄沟种植对旱地玉-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(11): 2078-2091.

WU JinZhi, HUANG XiuLi, HOU YuanQuan, TIAN WenZhong, LI JunHong, ZHANG Jie, LI Fang, LÜ JunJie, YAO YuQing, FU GuoZhan, HUANG Ming, LI YouJun. Effects of Ridge and Furrow Planting Patterns on Crop Productivity and Soil Nitrate-N Accumulation in Dryland Summer Maize and Winter Wheat Rotation System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(11): 2078-2091.

图/表 10

图1

表1

试验处理描述"

处理Treatment	操作方法 Field management description
6RPRF	试验开始时起宽（95±5）cm垄，垄高20 cm，沟宽（40±5）cm，第一年起垄后，每年小麦播种前修复垄高，不再重新起垄。玉米季沟中种1行玉米，行距133 cm，垄上覆盖前茬0—40 cm高的小麦秸秆，麦季垄面种6行小麦，行距15 cm，沟中整秆覆盖前茬50%玉米秸秆 Ridged and furrowed only in 2004 when the experiment initiated. The ridge is (95±5) cm wide and 20 cm high. The furrow with a width (40±5) cm was formed where two ridges meet. After the first year, the ridge height was restored each year before wheat sowing but never re-ridged. In the summer maize growing season, 1 row maize was plated in the furrow with 133 cm space, and previous wheat straw with 0-40 cm height was mulched on ridge. In the winter wheat growing season, 6 rows wheat was planted on the ridge with 15 cm space, and 50% of previous maize straw (whole stalk) was mulched in furrow
6REYRF	每年在小麦播种前翻耕（20—30 cm）并起垄，垄沟规格及其他管理同6RPRF Ridged and furrowed each year, which conducted after plowing (20-30 cm) before wheat sowing. The size of ridge and furrow and other managements were same as 6RPRF
4RPRF	垄宽（60±5）cm，垄高20 cm，沟宽（40±5）cm。玉米季沟中种1行玉米，行距100 cm，麦季垄面种4行小麦，行距15 cm，起垄方式和其他管理同6RPRF The ridge is (60±5) cm wide and 20 cm high. The furrow is (40±5) cm wide. 1 row maize was plated in the furrow with 100 cm space, and 4 rows wheat was planted on the ridge with 15 cm space. The ridging method and other managements were same as 6RPRF
4REYRF	每年在小麦播种前翻耕（20—30 cm）并起垄，垄沟规格及其他管理同4RPRF Ridged and furrowed each year, which conducted after plowing (20-30 cm) before wheat sowing. The size of ridge and furrow and other managements were same as 4RPRF
CF	按照当地传统的平作栽培模式，每季作物播前翻耕25—30 cm，不起垄平作种植玉米、小麦，行距分别为80 cm、20 cm，无秸秆还田 Plowed 25-30 cm before crop sowing in each growth season, maize and wheat planted as conventional flat cropping pattern and no straw mulching, with 80 cm and 20 cm space, respectively

表1

图2

表2

表3

图3

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表5

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图5

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作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	年份Year						平均 Mean
作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	2015—2016（2015）	2016—2017（2016）	2017—2018（2017）	2018—2019（2018）	2019—2020（2019）	2020—2021（2020）	平均 Mean
夏玉米Summer maize	6RPRF	5973±201a	5427±333bc	2894±144a	6535±142bc	8337±390b	5665±143a	5805±9b
	6REYRF	4278±465c	5020±333c	2070±498ab	6350±260cd	7582±103c	5347±430ab	5108±121c
	4RPRF	5652±62ab	6642±484a	2674±866ab	7799±47a	9338±470a	5175±232ab	6213±238a
	4REYRF	5240±184b	6113±394ab	2028±98b	6825±299b	9119±405a	5255±650ab	5763±149b
	CF	3956±211c	4032±389d	1135±102c	6178±110d	7993±394bc	4928±219b	4703±72d
冬小麦 Winter wheat	6RPRF	3453±285ab	3603±589a	3406±224ab	2661±233ab	5348±295ab	1967±717a	3406±146ab
	6REYRF	3271±13b	3539±286a	4084±738a	2313±315bc	5424±97a	1428±206a	3343±206b
	4RPRF	3856±485a	3736±499a	4005±654ab	2931±265a	5502±248a	1742±227a	3628±176a
	4REYRF	3686±234ab	3554±422a	3214±245b	2153±92c	5416±155a	1476±117a	3250±83b
	CF	3285±122b	3656±313a	3280±201ab	1482±142d	5046±145b	583±238b	2888±56c
周年 All year	6RPRF	9426±385a	9030±539bc	6300±265ab	9196±146b	13685±497b	7632±714a	9211±137b
	6REYRF	7549±468b	8559±287c	6153±501b	8663±558b	13006±52c	6775±630a	8451±162c
	4RPRF	9508±468a	10378±224a	6679±230a	10730±218a	14840±349a	6916±273a	9842±67a
	4REYRF	8925±287a	9667±563ab	5242±179c	8978±365b	14534±252a	6731±692a	9013±76c
	CF	7241±333b	7687±276d	4415±106d	7659±34c	13038±248c	5511±20b	7592±58e

作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	年份Year						平均 Mean
作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	2015—2016（2015）	2016—2017（2016）	2017—2018（2017）	2018—2019（2018）	2019—2020（2019）	2020—2021（2020）	平均 Mean
夏玉米Summer maize	6RPRF	32.13±1.08a	22.05±1.35b	12.75±0.63a	24.15±0.53a	26.06±1.22c	32.06±0.81a	24.87±0.11a
	6REYRF	24.63±2.68b	17.68±1.17c	7.15±1.72b	20.30±0.83c	23.17±0.32d	30.29±2.44ab	20.54±0.71c
	4RPRF	26.63±0.29b	25.34±1.84a	10.40±3.37ab	24.26±0.15a	28.46±1.43b	23.88±1.07c	23.16±0.85b
	4REYRF	25.81±0.91b	22.08±1.42b	8.70±0.42b	24.08±1.05a	32.50±1.44a	25.70±3.18c	23.15±0.71b
	CF	18.36±0.98c	15.58±1.50c	3.93±0.35c	21.83±0.39b	26.92±1.33ab	26.91±1.19bc	18.92±0.28d
冬小麦 Winter wheat	6RPRF	13.61±1.12b	11.16±1.83b	9.87±0.65b	9.62±0.84ab	16.21±0.90b	6.45±2.37a	11.15±0.48b
	6REYRF	13.74±0.05b	13.14±1.06ab	13.82±2.50a	9.12±1.24b	16.50±0.30b	4.57±0.69b	11.82±0.74b
	4RPRF	15.52±1.95ab	12.61±1.69ab	13.84±2.26a	10.85±0.98a	18.32±0.82a	6.81±0.85a	12.99±0.60a
	4REYRF	16.77±1.07a	12.68±1.51ab	9.43±0.72b	6.68±0.29c	16.73±0.48b	5.40±0.43ab	11.28±0.26b
	CF	13.56±0.50b	14.20±1.21a	9.89±0.61b	5.02±0.48d	14.90±0.43c	1.87±0.76c	9.91±0.24c
周年 All year	6RPRF	21.44±0.88a	15.87±0.95b	11.01±0.46b	16.81±0.27b	21.06±0.76b	15.84±1.52a	17.00±0.25b
	6REYRF	18.34±1.14b	15.47±0.52b	10.52±0.86b	15.29±0.99c	19.83±0.08c	13.86±1.35b	15.55±0.35c
	4RPRF	20.64±1.02a	18.58±0.40a	12.22±0.42a	18.14±0.37a	23.61±0.55a	14.64±0.62ab	17.97±0.11a
	4REYRF	21.11±0.68a	17.36±1.01a	9.13±0.31c	14.83±0.60c	24.05±0.42a	14.10±1.53b	16.76±0.20b
	CF	15.82±0.73c	14.89±0.54b	7.12±0.17d	13.25±0.06d	20.52±0.39ab	11.17±0.02c	13.79±0.13d

处理 Treatment	土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content				土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content
处理 Treatment	0—5 cm	5—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—40 cm	0—5 cm	5—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—40 cm
6RPRF	26.60±0.78b	19.40±0.32b	17.55±0.35c	15.81±1.12bc	1.53±0.05a	0.95±0.04b	0.82±0.02c	0.77±0.02a
6REYRF	23.38±2.14c	22.66±3.71ab	18.73±0.78bc	15.75±1.22b	1.16±0.07b	1.18±0.09a	0.92±0.07b	0.79±0.03a
4RPRF	30.73±0.17a	21.56±1.28b	19.90±0.60ab	17.45±0.22a	1.54±0.13a	1.20±0.02a	0.95±0.03b	0.79±0.03a
4REYRF	24.77±1.56bc	24.39±3.03a	20.99±1.02a	18.05±0.63a	1.16±0.10b	1.15±0.11a	1.10±0.08a	0.80±0.05a
CF	20.89±0.37d	20.38±0.26b	17.85±0.01bc	15.70±0.69c	0.64±.02c	0.62±.02c	0.54±.04d	0.44±.03b

处理 Treatment	土壤有效磷含量 Soil available phosphors content				土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content
处理 Treatment	0—5 cm	5—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—40 cm	0—5 cm	5—10 cm	10—20 cm	20—40 cm
6RPRF	9.47±0.40a	7.78±0.75a	5.21±0.15a	3.28±0.10a	685.0±3.2b	331.6±2.3b	130.5±1.2c	122.9±4.3bc
6REYRF	7.74±0.40b	4.69±0.18c	3.16±0.24c	2.70±0.84ab	453.5±10.4c	241.6±2.3c	179.1±9.1b	131.3±2.6a
4RPRF	9.36±0.28a	6.88±0.23b	4.55±0.21b	2.42±0.37ab	814.6±36.7a	426.6±14.3a	168.7±13.0b	120.5±7.1c
4REYRF	7.64±0.53b	5.33±0.23c	4.25±0.07b	2.01±0.81b	444.9±22.0 c	323.0±7.6b	245.6±7.4a	129.6±1.7ab
CF	5.80±0.19c	3.54±0.13d	2.77±0.24d	2.12±0.47b	227.6±40.3d	182.3±11.9d	116.1±7.4c	108.6±4.4d

垄沟种植对旱地玉-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

Effects of Ridge and Furrow Planting Patterns on Crop Productivity and Soil Nitrate-N Accumulation in Dryland Summer Maize and Winter Wheat Rotation System

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