小麦化肥减施与不同轮作方式的周年养分平衡及经济效益分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.08.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (8): 1589-1603.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.08.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

小麦化肥减施与不同轮作方式的周年养分平衡及经济效益分析

马小艳¹(),杨瑜¹,黄冬琳¹(),王朝辉^1,²(),高亚军¹,李永刚³,吕辉⁴

¹西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
²西北农林科技大学/旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
³扶风县农业技术推广服务中心,陕西扶风 722200
⁴凤翔县农业技术推广服务中心,陕西凤翔 721400

收稿日期:2021-03-03 接受日期:2021-05-26 出版日期:2022-04-16 发布日期:2022-05-11
联系方式: 马小艳,E-mail： Maxiaoyan12201122@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划子课题(2018YFD0200404-02);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2452020163)

Annual Nutrients Balance and Economic Return Analysis of Wheat with Fertilizers Reduction and Different Rotations

MA XiaoYan¹(),YANG Yu¹,HUANG DongLin¹(),WANG ZhaoHui^1,²(),GAO YaJun¹,LI YongGang³,LÜ Hui⁴

¹College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
²Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
³Fufeng Agriculture Technology Extension Service Center, Fufeng 722200, Shaanxi
⁴Fengxiang Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Fengxiang 721400, Shaanxi

Received:2021-03-03 Accepted:2021-05-26 Published:2022-04-16 Online:2022-05-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究小麦化肥减量条件下不同轮作方式土壤养分平衡及经济效益差异,探索适宜陕西关中小麦玉米轮作区的小麦轮作方式,为减少化肥投入,提高农民经济收入提供思路与科学依据。【方法】于2018—2020年在陕西武功镇开展田间试验,随机区组设计。设玉米-小麦轮作农户施肥（CWF）、玉米-小麦轮作推荐施肥（CWR）、绿肥-小麦轮作推荐施肥（GWR）、大豆-小麦轮作推荐施肥（BWR）4个处理,除农户施肥处理外,其他3个处理的小麦季施肥均采用监控施肥技术推荐施肥。采集不同夏季作物及冬小麦的植物和土壤样品进行分析。【结果】与农户施肥相比,玉米-小麦轮作推荐施肥处理在氮、磷肥分别减量11.8%、41.7% 条件下,显著增加了小麦产量,平均增幅为7.4%,显著增加了小麦籽粒及地上部氮、磷素养分累积量,氮素累积量增幅分别为10.1%、8.9%,磷素累积量增幅分别为9.8%、6.4%;玉米-小麦轮作推荐施肥处理显著降低了土壤氮、磷、钾素盈余率,降幅分别为25.1%、72.3%和54.4%,显著提高经济收益36%。推荐施肥的3种轮作方式中,玉米-小麦轮作小麦产量最高,其次为大豆-小麦轮作。大豆-小麦轮作氮、磷、钾盈余率均显著低于玉米-小麦轮作和绿肥-小麦轮作,降低幅度分别为87.3%—92.0%、41.9%—67.7%、78.1%—85.3%,并获得了最高的经济收益。【结论】监控施肥的推荐施肥方法不仅能够减少化肥投入,降低生产成本,同时能够增加小麦产量,提高小麦籽粒及地上部养分累积量,减少氮、磷养分平衡的盈余率,提高经济收益。相比玉米-小麦轮作方式,大豆-小麦轮作既减少了化肥的投入,大幅降低氮、磷、钾养分盈余量,同时还取得较高的经济效益。综上,陕西关中地区传统的玉米-小麦轮作可通过优化施肥减少化肥投入,降低生产成本;而综合考虑土壤培肥、环境效益与经济收益,优先推荐大豆-小麦轮作方式,减少土壤养分盈余,提高种粮农户的经济收益。

关键词: 化肥减施, 玉米-小麦轮作, 绿肥-小麦轮作, 大豆-小麦轮作, 养分平衡, 经济效益, 陕西关中

Abstract:

【Objective】The present study aimed to investigate the soil nutrients balance and economic benefits of different rotations with optimal chemical fertilizer application for wheat production, with the purpose of selecting a proper rotation for wheat production with lower fertilizer application and improvement of economic return for local farmers.【Method】The field experiments with randomized block design were carried out in Wugong county from 2018 to 2020, including four treatments: maize-wheat rotation with farmer accustomed fertilization (CWF), maize-wheat rotation with recommended fertilization (CWR), green manure-wheat rotation (GWR), and soybean-wheat rotation (BWR). Except for treatment of CWF, the fertilizers of rest three treatments were calculated according to the method of soil testing and determining fertilizer recommendations (STDFR). The plants tissues and soil with different depth were sampled for nutrients analysis.【Result】Compared with CWF, with 11.8% reduction of nitrogen and 41.7% reduction of phosphorus, the CWR treatment significantly increased wheat yield, with an average increase of 7.4%, and significantly increased the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of wheat grain and aboveground shoot, with the nitrogen increase of 10.1% and 8.9% respectively, and the phosphorus increase of 9.8% and 6.4%, respectively. CWR treatment decreased the surplus rate of soil N, P and K by 25.1%, 72.3% and 54.4%, respectively, and increased the economic benefit by 36%. Among three different rotation, CWR rotation had the highest wheat yield, followed by soybean wheat rotation and green manure wheat rotation. GWR rotation had the lowest surplus ratio of NPK among three treatment with optimal fertilizer application, which was significantly lower than that of CWR and GWR rotation, with the decrease range of 87.3%-92.0%, 41.9%-67.7%, and 78.1%-85.3%, respectively, and obtained the highest economic return.【Conclusion】Fertilization recommendation by monitoring soil nutrients techniques could not only decrease fertilizer input and production cost, but also increase wheat yield, increase nutrient uptake of wheat grain, reduce surplus rate of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient balance, and thus improve economic benefits. Compared with maize-wheat rotation, the soybean-wheat rotation not only reduced the input of chemical fertilizer, significantly reduced the surplus of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also achieved higher economic benefits. In conclusion, it was recommended that the fertilizers application rates should be optimized for maize-wheat rotation in Guanzhong Plain. However, taking into account of economic return and ecological benefit, the soybean-wheat rotation was prior choice for the purpose of decreasing soil nutrients surplus and enhancing the economic return of farmers.

Key words: fertilizer reduction, maize-wheat rotation, green manure-wheat rotation, soybean-wheat rotation, nutrient balance, economic return, Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi

马小艳, 杨瑜, 黄冬琳, 王朝辉, 高亚军, 李永刚, 吕辉. 小麦化肥减施与不同轮作方式的周年养分平衡及经济效益分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(8): 1589-1603.

MA XiaoYan, YANG Yu, HUANG DongLin, WANG ZhaoHui, GAO YaJun, LI YongGang, LÜ Hui. Annual Nutrients Balance and Economic Return Analysis of Wheat with Fertilizers Reduction and Different Rotations[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(8): 1589-1603.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	地上部还田生物量 Aboveground biomass (kg·hm^-2)	氮素还田量 Nitrogen returning (kg·hm^-2)	磷素还田量 Phosphorus returning (kg·hm^-2)	钾素还田量 Potassium returning (kg·hm^-2)
2018	CWF	4869a	6995a	89.0ab	8.4b	77.5b
	CWR	6054a	7318a	129.3a	11.7b	131.5a
	GWR	—	4914b	136.3a	21.3a	72.3b
	BWR	667b	1035c	24.6c	6.3b	14.9c
2019	CWF	2917a	6312ab	66.2b	7.0b	50.2ab
	CWR	3195a	7515a	80.9ab	7.8b	60.5a
	GWR	—	4346b	92.3a	12.8a	33.5b
	BWR	1597b	1572c	27.7c	3.7c	13.2c
平均 Mean	CWF	3893a	6654ab	83.5ab	7.7c	115.2ab
	CWR	4625a	7417a	109.3a	10.6b	122.1a
	GWR	—	4630b	126a	21.5a	65.6b
	BWR	1132b	1304c	32.5b	8.2b	19.3c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	地上部生物量干重 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	公顷穗数 Number of spikes per hectare (×10⁴)	穗粒数 Number of grains per spike	千粒重 1000-weight (g)
2018—2019	CWF	7536a	15574a	48.4b	542b	30a	46.7b
	CWR	7687a	16136a	48.9ab	586a	28a	48.0ab
	GWR	7892a	16078a	50.8ab	571a	29a	48.7 a
	BWR	7440a	15387a	51.3a	481c	29a	49.6 a
2019—2020	CWF	10198bc	15444b	67.6a	629d	32a	46.4a
	CWR	11360a	17915 a	66.7a	871a	29b	45.0a
	GWR	9972c	14358 c	68.3a	794c	27b	44.3a
	BWR	10782ab	15779 b	67.0a	835b	26b	44.9a
平均Mean	CWF	8867b	15509b	58.0a	586c	31a	46.5a
	CWR	9524a	17025a	57.8a	728a	29b	46.5a
	GWR	8932b	15218b	59.5a	682b	28b	46.5a
	BWR	9111b	15583b	59.2a	657b	28b	47.2a

时期 Period	处理 Treatment	2018—2019			2019—2020
时期 Period	处理 Treatment	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
播前 Sowing	CWF	12.97ab	12.10b	133.0a	14.61a	27.07a	163.6ab
	CWR	15.13a	18.23a	136.4a	10.57b	24.02ab	161.0bc
	GWR	14.51a	14.50ab	141.4a	9.12b	17.3b	156.7c
	BWR	9.25b	16.99ab	123.5a	5.89c	22.08ab	169.6a
收获 Harvest	CWF	7.22c	10.19a	109.2bc	6.73b	24.01a	143.2ab
	CWR	11.78ab	9.71a	123.5ab	9.61a	23.53a	163.2a
	GWR	12.44a	10.17a	99.96c	8.69ab	22.36a	144.2ab
	BWR	9.95b	12.00a	138.9a	8.86ab	19.83a	137.5b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	投入 Input (kg·hm^-2)			产出 Output (kg·hm^-2)			平衡值 Equilibrium value (kg·hm^-2)			盈余率 Surplus rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
2018—2019	CWF	344.0	194.6	98.3	195.8b	78.18 c	45.2a	148.2ab	116.4a	53.1c	75.9a	149.0a	117.7c
	CWR	354.3	128.4	182.8	218.6ab	83.5bc	44.5a	135.7b	44.9c	138.3a	62.5a	53.7c	310.8a
	GWR	390.1	160.7	132.1	221.9a	90.6a	45.0a	168.2a	70.0b	87.1b	76.1a	77.2b	193.4b
	BWR	249.6	119.4	63.0	215.0ab	85.2ab	45.1a	34.5c	34.3d	17.9d	16.3b	40.2d	39.6d
2019—2020	CWF	321.2	195.6	90.4	265.4a	89.0b	50.5a	55.9b	106.6a	40.0b	21.1b	120.2a	79.9 b
	CWR	305.9	122.9	117.9	277.1a	100.0a	51.4a	28.8c	23.0c	66.5a	10.6c	23.4c	130.2a
	GWR	317.3	134.2	85.3	243.0b	86.4b	44.3b	74.3a	47.8b	41.1b	30.6a	55.3b	94.2 b
	BWR	252.7	113.5	60.9	266.9a	106.6a	49.1a	-14.2d	6.9d	11.8c	-5.3d	6.5d	24.0c
2018—2020	CWF	665.2	390.2	188.7	461.2b	167.2c	95.6a	204.1b	223.0a	93.1c	44.3b	133.4a	97.3c
	CWR	660.1	251.3	300.7	495.6a	183.5ab	95.9a	164.5c	67.8c	204.8a	33.2c	37.0c	213.4a
	GWR	707.4	294.9	217.5	464.9b	177.1bc	89.3a	242.6a	117.8b	128.2b	52.2a	66.5b	143.5b
	BWR	502.3	232.9	123.8	481.9ab	191.7a	94.2a	20.4d	41.2d	29.6d	4.2d	21.5d	31.4d

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	肥料 Fertilizer	种子 Seed	机械 Mechanics	其他费用 other expenses	总成本 Total cost	总收益 Total revenue	净收益 Net profit
2018—2019	CWF	3552	1650	4781	9053	19036	26415	7380ab
	CWR	3563	1650	4781	9053	19047	29142	10095a
	GWR	1851	2100	4931	6578	15460	17362	1902c
	BWR	1851	2100	4931	6578	15460	20368	4908bc
2019—2020	CWF	3552	1650	4781	9053	19036	28328	9292c
	CWR	3452	1650	4781	9053	18936	31446	12510b
	GWR	1851	2100	4931	6578	15460	21939	6479d
	BWR	1851	1500	4931	6578	14860	33302	18442a
平均 Mean	CWF	3552	1650	4781	9053	19036	27372	8336b
	CWR	3508	1650	4781	9053	18992	30294	11302a
	GWR	1851	2100	4931	6578	15460	19651	4191c
	BWR	1851	1800	4931	6578	15160	26835	11675a

小麦化肥减施与不同轮作方式的周年养分平衡及经济效益分析

Annual Nutrients Balance and Economic Return Analysis of Wheat with Fertilizers Reduction and Different Rotations

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	夏季作物 Summer crop			冬小麦 Winter wheat
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	N (kg·hm^-2 )	P₂O₅(kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)	N (kg·hm^-2)	P₂O₅(kg·hm^-2)	K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
2018—2019	CWF	246	45	12	255	180	30
	CWR	188	60	72	225	105	45
	GWR	0	0	0	225	105	45
	BWR	0	0	0	225	105	45
2019—2020	CWF	246	45	12	255	180	30
	CWR	158	60	72	225	105	45
	GWR	0	0	0	225	105	45
	BWR	0	0	0	225	105	45

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