不同时期高温胁迫对夏玉米物质生产性能及籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.19.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】黄淮海夏玉米区高温胁迫频发、重发、持续期延长显著影响籽粒产量。本文以不同耐热型玉米品种为材料,探明大喇叭口期（V12）和开花期（VT）高温胁迫对两类品种叶片光合特性、碳同化物积累、分配和籽粒产量的影响。【方法】本研究以耐热型品种郑单958（ZD958）和热敏感型品种先玉335（XY335）为材料,以同时期适宜温度处理（昼32℃12 h/夜22℃12 h）为对照,使用自动控温控湿的高温棚模拟田间自然增温效果,设置V12期、VT期高温胁迫处理（昼38℃12 h/夜28℃12 h）,比较高温胁迫后夏玉米叶面积指数（LAI）、碳代谢酶活性、光合速率、碳同化物积累和分配的动态变化特征,明确夏玉米物质生产性能及籽粒产量对高温胁迫的响应机制。【结果】高温胁迫后,两品种的LAI、碳代谢酶活性、净光合速率和干物质积累量均显著降低,ZD958和XY335的LAI、RuBP羧化酶活性、PEP羧化酶活性、净光合速率和干物质积累量比其对照分别降低了2.98%—4.21%、40.38%—54.46%、16.88%—30.60%、18.14%—25.49%、12.83%—19.38%和3.80%—5.07%、56.56%—76.16%、26.33%—33.66%、22.37%—34.62%、22.07%—26.72%,VT期高温胁迫的降幅大于V12期。高温胁迫后,夏玉米叶片蒸腾速率显著升高,但叶片水分利用效率显著下降。高温下两品种的¹³C同化量均显著降低,V12期高温胁迫后,ZD958和XY335的¹³C同化量分别降低了18.48%和22.82%,籽粒中¹³C同化量占比降低。高温胁迫显著降低穗粒数,千粒重虽有小幅提高,但籽粒产量显著降低。与适宜温度相比,V12期高温胁迫后ZD958穗粒数和产量分别降低了62.53%和45.87%;VT期高温胁迫后穗粒数和产量分别降低了70.53%和66.89%;V12期高温胁迫后XY335穗粒数和产量分别降低了70.50%和62.87%;VT期高温胁迫后分别降低了85.41%和80.61%;VT期高温胁迫降幅大于V12期高温胁迫,XY335的降幅大于ZD958。【结论】高温胁迫降低了夏玉米叶面积指数、叶片RuBP和PEP羧化酶活性,显著降低叶片光合速率和干物质生产性能。高温下穗粒数显著减少,抑制了碳同化物从叶片和茎秆向籽粒的转运,最终导致籽粒产量降低。VT期高温胁迫效应大于V12期,热敏感型品种XY335的降幅显著大于耐热型品种ZD958。

关键词: 夏玉米, 高温胁迫, 碳代谢酶活性, 碳同化物积累与分配, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 Frequent, recurrent and prolonged high temperature stress had significant effects on grain yield of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region. In this study, we investigated the effects of high temperature stress at the V12 stage and VT stage on leaf photosynthetic characteristics, carbon assimilate accumulation, distribution and grain yield of maize varieties with different heat tolerance. 【Method】 In this study, heat resistant maize variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and heat sensitive maize variety Xianyu 335 (XY335) were used as materials. The normal temperature treatments (day 32℃12 h /night 22℃12 h) were set as the control at the same time. High temperature greenhouse equipped with automatic temperature and humidity control facilities was used to simulate the effect of natural field high temperature, the high temperature stress treatments (day 38℃12 h/night 28℃12 h) were set at V12 and VT stage, respectively. The dynamic characteristics of leaf area index (LAI), carbon metabolism enzyme activities, photosynthetic rate and carbon assimilate accumulation and allocation were compared after high temperature stress, aimed to determine the response mechanism of dry matter production performance and grain yield to high temperature stress. 【Result】 After high temperature stress, LAI, carbon metabolism enzyme activities, net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of two cultivars were significantly decreased. LAI, RuBP carboxylase activity, PEP carboxylase activity, net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of ZD958 and XY335 decreased by 2.98%-4.21%, 40.38%-54.46%, 16.88%-30.60%, 18.14%-25.49%, 12.83%-19.38% and 3.80%-5.07%, 56.56%-76.16%, 26.33%-33.66%, 22.37%-34.62%, 22.07%-26.72%, respectively. The decrease range of high temperature stress in VT stage was larger than that in V12 stage. After high temperature stress, transpiration rate of summer maize leaves increased, while leaf water use efficiency decreased significantly. Under high temperature stress, ¹³C assimilation of ZD958 and XY335 decreased by 18.48% and 22.82%, respectively, and the proportion of ¹³C assimilation in grains decreased. The high temperature stress significantly decreased grain number per spike and grain yield, although 1000 grain weight increased slightly. Compared to the optimum temperature, after V12 high temperature stress, the grain number per spike and yield of ZD958 decreased by 62.53% and 45.87%. After VT high temperature stress, grain number per spike and yield decreased by 70.53% and 66.89%. After V12 high temperature stress, the grain number per spike and yield of XY335 decreased by 70.50% and 62.87%. After VT high temperature stress, grain number per spike and yield decreased by 85.41% and 80.61%. The decrease range of high temperature stress in VT stage was larger than that in V12 stage, and XY335 decreased more than ZD958. 【Conclusion】 The high temperature stress reduced LAI, RuBP carboxylase and PEP carboxylase activities, and significantly reduced photosynthetic rate and dry matter production performance of summer maize. Under high temperature stress, the grain number per spike decreased significantly, which inhibited the transportation of carbohydrate from leaf and stem to grain, resulting in lower grain yield. The effects of high temperature stress on dry matter performance and grain yield of summer maize in VT stage was significantly greater than that in V12 stage. The decrease of heat sensitive variety XY335 was significantly greater than that of heat resistant variety ZD958 in two periods.

Key words: summer maize, high temperature stress, carbon metabolism enzyme activity, carbon assimilate accumulation and distribution, yield

张川,刘栋,王洪章,任昊,赵斌,张吉旺,任佰朝,刘存辉,刘鹏. 不同时期高温胁迫对夏玉米物质生产性能及籽粒产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(19): 3710-3722.

ZHANG Chuan,LIU Dong,WANG HongZhang,REN Hao,ZHAO Bin,ZHANG JiWang,REN BaiZhao,LIU CunHui,LIU Peng. Effects of High Temperature Stress in Different Periods on Dry Matter Production and Grain Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(19): 3710-3722.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	平均光照强度 Average light intensity (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	平均CO₂浓度 Average CO₂ concentration (μmol·mol^-1)	相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)
2019	CK	1141.6a	420.0a	80.0a
2019	HT	1136.8a	416.3a	78.8a
2020	CK	1127.3a	419.3a	84.5a
2020	HT	1114.5a	411.9a	82.8a

年份 Year	处理时期 Treatments stage	处理 Treatment	¹³C同化量 ¹³C assimilate amount (mg/plant)				所占比例 Proportion (%)
年份 Year	处理时期 Treatments stage	处理 Treatment	总量 Total	茎秆 Stem	叶片 Leaf	籽粒 Grain	茎秆 Stem	叶片 Leaf	籽粒 Grain
2019	V12	ZD-CK	20.02a	4.95a	2.51d	12.56a	24.73	12.54	62.74
		ZD-HT	16.32bc	6.25a	4.18c	5.87b	38.30	25.61	35.97
		XY-CK	19.19ab	4.86a	2.30d	12.03a	25.33	11.99	62.69
		XY-HT	14.81c	6.52a	4.55b	3.73d	44.02	30.72	25.19
	VT	ZD-CK	19.70a	4.86a	2.53d	12.31a	24.67	12.84	62.49
		ZD-HT	15.64c	6.97a	4.13c	4.55c	44.57	26.41	29.09
		XY-CK	19.74a	4.73a	2.37d	12.63a	23.96	12.01	63.98
		XY-HT	13.34c	6.18a	5.05a	2.12e	46.33	37.86	15.89
2020	V12	ZD-CK	20.69a	4.53a	4.07a	12.09b	21.89	19.67	58.43
		ZD-HT	18.33bc	6.70a	4.19a	7.43c	36.55	22.86	40.53
		XY-CK	20.07ab	4.42a	3.86a	11.8b	22.02	19.23	58.79
		XY-HT	14.90de	6.63a	4.12a	4.16e	44.50	27.65	27.92
	VT	ZD-CK	21.87a	4.40a	3.89a	13.57a	20.12	17.79	62.05
		ZD-HT	16.96cd	6.50a	5.38a	5.10d	38.33	31.72	30.07
		XY-CK	21.51a	5.10a	4.10a	12.31b	23.71	19.06	57.23
		XY-HT	13.59e	5.74a	4.57a	3.28f	42.24	33.63	24.14

年份 Year	处理时期 Treatment stage	处理 Treatment	干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulate amount (g/plant)			穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (g/plant)	收获指数 HI
年份 Year	处理时期 Treatment stage	处理 Treatment	大喇叭口期 V12	开花期 VT	完熟期 R6	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (g/plant)	收获指数 HI
2019	V12	ZD-CK	111.63a	143.15c	311.50bc	591.2a	299.12bc	151.93a	0.49a
		ZD-HT	90.00c	120.78e	219.68d	219.5d	306.17a	82.25b	0.37c
		XY-CK	104.28b	157.03b	308.48c	515.2c	298.64bc	153.26a	0.49a
		XY-HT	76.42d	115.89e	211.52d	152.0e	308.10a	57.44c	0.26d
	VT	ZD-CK	—	153.35b	329.54a	562.6ab	293.87c	159.58a	0.47b
		ZD-HT	—	133.68d	221.2d	165.8e	304.90ab	52.83c	0.24e
		XY-CK	—	177.53a	320.09ab	544.3bc	293.70c	151.26a	0.48ab
		XY-HT	—	138.35cd	199.92e	79.4f	301.83ab	29.33d	0.14f
2020	V12	ZD-CK	97.31a	140.18b	311.12b	571.1a	305.195d	173.46a	0.56ab
		ZD-HT	86.80b	116.49c	275.84c	247.1b	311.663bc	99.69d	0.35d
		XY-CK	84.04b	140.34b	284.78c	545.5a	309.672c	161.39bc	0.58a
		XY-HT	64.73c	102.42d	243.80e	188.1cd	318.725a	64.47f	0.26ef
	VT	ZD-CK	—	152.81a	326.09a	544.5a	311.207bc	169.35ab	0.51c
		ZD-HT	—	139.68b	260.05d	194.9c	314.107b	77.92e	0.28e
		XY-CK	—	146.00ab	300.27b	550.4a	309.438c	157.59c	0.53bc
		XY-HT	—	124.94c	212.47f	151.9d	321.509a	52.77g	0.24f