错株增密种植对夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】增密是玉米增产的重要途径之一,但随种植密度的增大,往往会造成群体郁闭,光能利用率下降。因此,本研究探索通过改变种植模式削弱增密后对植株产生的负面效应。【方法】试验于2018和2019年,以登海605和郑单958为试验材料,设置67 500株/hm²、82 500株/hm²2种密度,以常规对株种植为对照,研究错株种植和密度对夏玉米产量与光合特性的影响,以期探明错株种植与密度的互作机理,提出高产夏玉米适宜的种植模式。【结果】增密降低了群体整齐度,穗位叶净光合速率（Pn）、光合关键酶活性及叶绿素含量有所下降;光合关键酶活性在高密度下随生育期推进降幅更大,表明增密会使叶片衰老速率增大,不利于植株的光合作用。错株种植模式下群体整齐度提高,茎叶夹角增大,叶片更为平展,光能截获率增大,Pn、光合关键酶活性及叶绿素含量提高,群体干物质积累量及干物质向籽粒中的分配比例增大,进而显著提高了产量,错株种植较对株种植2个品种平均增产3.8%—6.1%。错株种植在保证群体数量的前提下削弱了群体内个体植株间对光温资源的竞争,保证玉米个体发育潜力的充分发挥,使玉米群体与个体协调发展。【结论】错株种植能显著改善群体冠层结构,优化群体的光照条件,增强其光合性能及物质生产能力,提高玉米产量。在本试验条件下,综合分析认为,82 500株/hm²密度条件下错株种植的模式表现最好,可为创建玉米高产栽培模式提供借鉴。

关键词: 夏玉米, 错株种植, 密度, 光合特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Increasing density is one of the important ways to increase the yield of maize, but with the increase of planting density, it will usually cause the colony closure and the decrease of the utilization rate of light energy. Therefore, it is very important to explore and change the planting mode to weaken the negative effects of excessive density on plants and to improve the group canopy structure.【Method】The experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019. Using Denghai 605 and Zhengdan 958 as test materials, two planting modes of parallel planting and staggered planting were set up under the two density conditions of 67 500 plants/hm² and 82 500 plants/hm². The effects of density on summer maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics were expected to explore and to understand the interaction mechanism of staggered planting and density, and to propose a suitable planting model for high-yield summer maize, which provided a certain theoretical basis for the scientific planting model of summer maize.【Result】Increased density reduced the uniformity of the population. The ear leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosynthetic key enzyme activities, and chlorophyll content were lower than those of low density, and the photosynthetic key enzyme activities decreased more with the growth period under high density. This meant that increasing the density would increase the leaf senescence rate, which was not conducive to plant photosynthesis. Under the staggered planting model, the group uniformity was improved, the angle between stems and leaves was increased, the leaves were more flat, the light energy interception rate was increased, the activity of Pn, photosynthetic key enzymes and chlorophyll content increased, the accumulation of dry matter in the population and the distribution of dry matter to the grain increased, thereby significantly increasing the yield. Staggered planting increased the average yield by 3.8%-6.1% compared to planting of the parallel plant. Staggered planting under the premise of ensuring the number of groups weakened the competition between individual plants within the group for light and temperature resources, ensured the full development of the individual development potential of maize, and enabled the coordinated development of maize groups and individuals.【Conclusion】Staggered planting could significantly improve the group canopy structure, optimize the group’s lighting conditions, enhance its photosynthetic performance and material production capacity, and increase maize yield. Under the conditions of this experiment, comprehensive analysis believed that the stagger planting model under 82 500 plants/hm² density conditions performs was the best, which could provide a reference for the establishment of a high-yield model of summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, stagger planting, density, photosynthetic characteristics, grain yield

张春雨,白晶,丁相鹏,张吉旺,刘鹏,任佰朝,赵斌. 错株增密种植对夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 3928-3941.

ZHANG ChunYu,BAI Jing,DING XiangPeng,ZHANG JiWang,LIU Peng,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin. Effects of Staggered Planting with Increased Density on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 3928-3941.

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年份 Year	试验地点 Test location	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2018	泰安市马庄镇试验基地 Test base in Mazhuang town, Tai'an city	11.20	0.71	56.43	28.32	109.01
2019	黄淮海区域玉米技术创新中心 Huang-huai-hai regional maize technology innovation center	10.38	0.78	57.11	36.51	126.87

年份 Year	品种 Maize variety	密度 Density	种植模式 Planting pattern	收获穗数 Harvested ear number (ears/hm²)	穗粒数 Number of kernels per ear	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)	籽粒产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2018	DH605	LD	P	65558.8b	447.2a	330.8a	9245.2c
		LD	S	66670.0b	467.9a	334.9a	10094.8c
		HD	P	82226.3a	403.3b	312.8b	11036.5b
		HD	S	81115.2a	408.3b	335.8a	11916.1a
	ZD958	LD	P	66670.0b	494.7a	316.1ab	11005.6c
		LD	S	67781.2b	484.2a	320.6a	11626.4b
		HD	P	78892.8a	461.4ab	312.0b	11459.8b
		HD	S	82226.3a	450.9b	322.4a	11801.0a
2019	DH605	LD	P	66670.0b	515.7b	330.8ab	11213.5c
		LD	S	65558.8b	535.9a	336.0a	11229.6c
		HD	P	81115.2a	486.0c	321.6b	11630.0b
		HD	S	83337.5a	519.1b	331.8a	12190.9a
	ZD958	LD	P	65558.8b	533.8b	322.3a	11150.9c
		LD	S	66670.0b	556.2a	316.3a	11786.2b
		HD	P	82226.3a	511.6c	293.7b	11390.1b
		HD	S	80004.0a	543.5a	310.9a	12384.4a
ANOVA
年份Year				ns	**	ns	**
品种Maize variety				ns	**	**	*
密度Density				**	*	*	**
种植模式Planting pattern				ns	*	ns	**
密度×种植模式Density×Planting pattern				ns	ns	**	*

年份 Year	品种 Maize variety	密度 Density	种植模式 Planting pattern	穗粒数整齐度 Uniformity of harvested ear number	干物重整齐度 Uniformity of dry matter eight	叶面积整齐度 Uniformity of leaf area
2018	DH605	LD	P	95.27ab	90.43b	95.09ab
		LD	S	99.55a	93.15a	96.32a
		HD	P	94.61b	89.73b	91.80b
		HD	S	95.06ab	91.11ab	94.09ab
	ZD958	LD	P	94.21ab	91.43ab	93.47ab
		LD	S	98.13a	93.67a	95.09s
		HD	P	89.59b	88.48b	88.34b
		HD	S	96.82a	89.87b	92.87ab
2019	DH605	LD	P	97.94ab	90.07ab	92.14a
		LD	S	99.76a	90.44ab	92.55a
		HD	P	94.08b	89.23b	90.00a
		HD	S	98.64a	91.19a	93.26a
	ZD958	LD	P	96.49a	90.06a	90.88ab
		LD	S	99.92a	90.77a	94.62a
		HD	P	90.46b	90.00a	88.48b
		HD	S	93.54b	90.81a	93.65a
ANOVA
年份Year				ns	ns	ns
品种Maize variety				*	*	ns
密度Density				**	ns	*
种植模式Planting pattern				*	*	**
密度×种植模式Density×Planting pattern				*	ns	*