扩行缩株对夏玉米群体冠层结构及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明不同密度下扩行缩株（扩行距缩株距）栽培模式对黄淮海夏玉米产量和群体结构的调控效应。【方法】2018—2019年以密植高产玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,设置3种行距,即60 cm（B1）、80 cm（B2）、100 cm（B3）等行距;2个种植密度,即67 500株/hm²（D1）和82 500株/hm²（D2）,采用裂区设计形成不同的栽培模式。【结果】与D1密度相比,D2密度能显著提高夏玉米群体叶面积和光合势,改善群体的光能利用,增加群体的干物质积累量,促进产量的增加。不同种植密度条件下,扩行缩株对夏玉米群体结构的影响存在差异。在67 500株/hm²密度下,扩行缩株对产量的影响不显著,在82 500株/hm²密度下,B2处理较B1和B3处理2年平均增产9.45%和11.48%,主要是由于行粒数增加引起的穗粒数增加。在此密度下,B2处理较B1处理显著提高花后群体叶面积指数（LAI）,显著延缓中下部叶片衰老,增加花后夏玉米群体光合势,茎叶夹角增大,叶向值减小,穗位叶层和底层透光率明显增加,消光系数减小,花后干物质积累量增加,花后干物质转移量降低。表明高密度条件下,80 cm扩行的等行距模式有利于构建高效的光合群体结构,延缓叶片衰老,增加夏玉米群体干物质生产与积累,从而提高产量。【结论】黄淮海平原夏玉米通过增加种植密度并适当扩行缩株可实现光能资源高效利用和产量协同提高,本试验条件下,推荐82 500 株/hm²密度搭配80 cm等行距种植模式。

关键词: 扩行缩株, 种植密度, 群体冠层结构, 夏玉米, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory effects of expanding and shrinking cultivation models under different densities on the yield and population structure of Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize. 【Method】 The high yield maize variety Zhengdan958 was used as experimental material, three kinds of row spacing treatments, such as 60 cm (B1), 80 cm (B2), and 100 cm (B3), and two planting densities of 67 500 plants/hm²and 82 500 plants/hm², were used to form different cultivation patterns through split zone design in 2018 and 2019. 【Result】 Compared with D1 density, D2 density could significantly increase the population leaf area and photosynthetic potential, improve the light energy utilization of the population, increase the dry matter accumulation of the population, and promote the increase of yield. Under the condition of different planting density, the effect of expansion and shrinkage on population structure was different. Under the density of 67 500 plants/hm², the effect of expansion and shrinkage on the yield was not significant. Under the density of 82 500 plants/hm², B2 treatment increased the yield by increasing the number of grains per row and 1000-grain weight, which was 9.45% and 11.48% higher than that of B1 and B3 treatments, respectively. B2 treatment significantly increased the population leaf area index (LAI), delayed the senescence of the middle and lower leaves, increased the photosynthetic potential of the population after anthesis, increased the angle between stems and leaves, and decreased the leaf orientation value. The light transmittance of leaf layer and bottom layer in panicle position increased significantly, the extinction coefficient decreased, the dry matter accumulation increased after anthesis, and the dry matter transfer decreased after anthesis. The results showed that under the condition of high density, the equal row spacing model of 80 cm expansion was beneficial to build an efficient photosynthetic population structure, delay leaf senescence, improve the photosynthetic performance of the population, increase the production and accumulation of dry matter of the population, and thus increase the yield. 【Conclusion】 The high-yield cultivation of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain can achieve efficient utilization of light energy and synergistic increase in yield by increasing planting density and appropriate expansion and shrinking of plants. Under the experimental conditions, a planting pattern of 82 500 plants/hm² with a density of 80 cm is recommended.

Key words: expanding and shrinking plant, planting density, canopy structure, summer maize, yield

丁相鹏,白晶,张春雨,张吉旺,刘鹏,任佰朝,赵斌. 扩行缩株对夏玉米群体冠层结构及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 3915-3927.

DING XiangPeng,BAI Jing,ZHANG ChunYu,ZHANG JiWang,LIU Peng,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin. Effects of Line-Spacing Expansion and Row-Spacing Shrinkage on Population Structure and Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 3915-3927.

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年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃顶长 Bald tip length (cm)	穗行数 Number of lines per ear	行粒数 Number of kernels per line	穗粒数 Spike grain number	千粒重 Weight of 1000-kernels (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2018	D1	B1	17.18a	0.13c	15.42a	33.86a	522.12a	316.28a	10.89c
		B2	17.22a	0.06f	15.53a	33.44a	519.32a	318.47a	10.79c
		B3	17.27a	0.11e	15.56a	32.62bc	507.57ab	315.72ab	10.56c
		平均值Average	17.22	0.10	15.50a	33.31	516.34	316.82	10.75
	D2	B1	16.95a	0.17b	15.24a	31.56c	480.97bc	309.08bc	11.99b
		B2	16.95a	0.10d	15.36a	33.25ab	510.72a	314.92ab	13.07a
		B3	16.84a	0.23a	15.17a	31.23c	473.76c	304.75c	11.66b
		平均值 Average	16.91	0.17	15.26a	32.01	488.48	309.58	12.24
2019	D1	B1	16.84ab	0.23d	15.71a	34.02a	534.45a	312.24ab	10.99c
		B2	17.04ab	0.28c	15.77a	34.57a	545.17a	315.18a	11.16c
		B3	17.58a	0.16e	15.69a	33.92a	532.20a	314.40ab	11.02c
		平均值 Average	17.15	0.22	15.72a	34.17	537.28	313.94	11.06
	D2	B1	16.59b	0.48a	15.61a	31.95b	498.76b	305.04c	12.41b
		B2	16.85ab	0.30b	15.67a	34.42a	539.34a	310.00abc	13.63a
		B3	16.71ab	0.31b	15.72a	31.22b	490.78b	308.20bc	12.33b
		平均值 Average	16.68	0.36	15.67a	32.53	509.63	307.75	12.79
	变异来源Sources of variation	年份 Year (Y)	NS	**	NS	*	**	NS	**
		密度 Density (D)	*	**	NS	**	**	*	**
		行距 Race space (R)	NS	**	NS	**	**	*	**
		年份×密度 Y×D	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
		年份×行距 Y×R	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
		密度×行距 D×R	NS	**	NS	**	*	NS	**
		年份×密度×行距 Y×D×R	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	棒三叶以上Above three-ear leaves		棒三叶Three-ear leaves		棒三叶以下Under three-ear leaves
年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	吐丝期Silking	乳熟期Milking	吐丝期Silking	乳熟期Milking	吐丝期Silking	乳熟期Milking
2018	D1	B1	1.30b	1.22d	1.45c	1.42d	2.59d	2.24d
		B2	1.33b	1.26cd	1.48c	1.38de	2.76c	2.36c
		B3	1.33b	1.27c	1.39d	1.34e	2.47e	2.26d
		平均值Average	1.32	1.25	1.44	1.38	2.61	2.29
	D2	B1	1.52a	1.48a	1.74b	1.72b	3.15a	2.48b
		B2	1.48a	1.41b	1.81a	1.77a	3.22a	2.74a
		B3	1.49a	1.40b	1.70b	1.65c	2.97b	2.66a
		平均值Average	1.50	1.43	1.75	1.71	3.11	2.63
2019	D1	B1	1.41bc	1.33c	1.72b	1.70c	2.23d	1.71d
		B2	1.42bc	1.32cd	1.73b	1.71c	2.31d	1.73d
		B3	1.39c	1.28d	1.70b	1.67c	2.23d	1.71d
		平均值Average	1.41	1.31	1.72	1.69	2.26	1.72
	D2	B1	1.49a	1.39b	1.88b	1.85b	2.71c	2.02c
		B2	1.46ab	1.44a	1.94a	1.92a	2.85a	2.31a
		B3	1.45ab	1.40ab	1.89b	1.88ab	2.77b	2.19b
		平均值Average	1.47	1.41	1.90	1.88	2.78	2.17
	变异来源 Sources of variation	年份 Year (Y)	**	*	**	**	**	**
		密度 Density (D)	**	**	**	**	**	**
		行距 Race space (R)	NS	NS	**	**	**	**
		年份×密度Y×D	**	**	**	**	NS	**
		年份×行距Y×R	NS	NS	NS	*	**	NS
		密度×行距D×R	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	**
		年份×密度×行距 Y×D×R	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	吐丝前光合势 LAD in pre-anthesis (m²·d·m^-2)			吐丝后光合势 LAD in post-anthesis (m²·d·m^-2)			总LAD Total LAD (m²·d·m^-2)
年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	VE-V12	V12-R1	Total	R1-R3	R3-R6	Total	总LAD Total LAD (m²·d·m^-2)
2018	D1	B1	65.76b	93.38c	159.14b	148.37cd	118.62c	267.00c	426.14c
		B2	67.63b	95.51c	163.15b	151.39c	118.37c	269.75c	432.90c
		B3	67.09b	92.50c	159.59b	145.64d	117.31c	262.95c	422.54c
		平均值Average	66.83	93.80	160.63	148.47	118.10	266.57	427.20
	D2	B1	80.75a	113.06ab	193.81a	175.40ab	131.51b	306.91b	500.73b
		B2	81.64a	114.54a	196.18a	180.30a	140.68a	320.98a	517.16a
		B3	80.61a	110.50b	191.11a	172.45b	134.11b	306.57b	497.68b
		平均值Average	81.00	112.70	193.70	176.05	135.44	311.49	505.19
2019	D1	B1	83.33c	104.09b	187.42b	141.36c	118.04d	259.40c	446.82c
		B2	83.18c	105.02b	188.21b	143.05c	117.43d	260.07c	448.28c
		B3	81.75c	102.77b	184.52b	139.79c	117.06d	256.85c	441.36c
		平均值Average	82.75	103.96	186.72	141.40	117.04	258.44	445.16
	D2	B1	93.80b	117.69a	211.50a	164.48b	127.13c	291.61b	503.11b
		B2	95.64ab	120.44a	216.08a	172.78a	137.22a	309.99a	526.07a
		B3	97.06a	119.06a	216.12a	166.70b	131.63b	298.33b	514.45ab
		平均值Average	95.50	119.06	214.57	167.99	131.99	299.98	514.54
	变异来源 Sources of variation	年份 Year (Y)	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
		密度 Density (D)	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
		行距 Race space (R)	NS	**	NS	**	**	**	**
		年份×密度Y×D	NS	**	**	NS	NS	NS	NS
		年份×行距Y×R	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
		密度×行距D×R	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	**	NS
		年份×密度×行距 Y×D×R	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗位高 Ear height (cm)	穗位系数 Ear ratio (%)	茎秆横截面积 Stalk area (cm²)	茎叶夹角 Leaf angle (°)	叶向值 LOV
2018	D1	B1	247.00a	122.50a	49.60a	4.36a	24.33bc	61.79bc
		B2	248.75a	121.25a	48.74a	4.45a	25.64b	59.50c
		B3	251.25a	122.50a	48.76a	4.31a	27.64a	56.22d
		平均值Average	249.00	122.08	49.03	4.37	25.87	59.17
	D2	B1	252.67a	127.50a	50.46a	3.32c	21.23d	66.36a
		B2	252.25a	124.23a	49.25a	3.59b	23.91c	62.94b
		B3	254.17a	124.62a	49.03a	3.46bc	25.50b	60.32bc
		平均值Average	253.03	125.78	49.71	3.46	23.55	63.21
2019	D1	B1	253.89a	118.50c	46.67a	4.79a	24.35bc	60.91b
		B2	256.75a	121.20bc	47.21a	4.64a	25.66b	56.93c
		B3	252.60a	116.80c	46.24a	4.75a	27.65a	55.25c
		平均值Average	254.41	118.83	46.71	4.73	25.89	57.70
	D2	B1	257.75a	128.13a	49.71a	3.66c	21.22d	64.96a
		B2	259.29a	125.83ab	48.53a	3.99b	23.93c	62.30ab
		B3	265.10a	127.90a	48.25a	4.05b	25.51b	60.35b
		平均值Average	260.71	127.29	48.82	3.90	23.55	62.54
	变异来源 Sources of variation	年份 Year (Y)	*	NS	**	**	NS	NS
		密度 Density (D)	NS	**	NS	**	**	**
		行距 Race space (R)	NS	NS	NS	*	**	**
		年份×密度Y×D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
		年份×行距Y×R	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
		密度×行距D×R	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS
		年份×密度×行距 Y×D×R	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	密度 Density	行距 Row space	透光率 (%)				消光系数 Extinction coefficient equation
			吐丝期 Silking		乳熟期 Milking		消光系数 Extinction coefficient equation
			穗位层Ear layer	底层Bottom	穗位层Ear layer	底层Bottom	吐丝期Silking	乳熟期Milking
2018	D1	B1	25.19d	9.61c	25.94d	11.38c	0.44c	0.43b
		B2	26.34c	14.94b	27.22c	17.19b	0.35e	0.35d
		B3	36.69 a	20.83a	37.09a	22.46a	0.30f	0.31e
		平均值Average	29.41	15.13	30.08	17.34	0.36	0.36
	D2	B1	15.45f	3.19f	16.46f	5.92f	0.54a	0.50a
		B2	19.31e	4.92e	20.22e	6.82e	0.46b	0.45b
		B3	29.32b	8.64d	31.23b	10.76d	0.40d	0.39c
		平均值Average	21.36	5.58	22.64	7.83	0.47	0.45
2019	D1	B1	23.19d	8.35c	24.39d	12.84c	0.46c	0.43c
		B2	25.22c	16.03b	25.93c	18.03b	0.34e	0.36d
		B3	33.93a	18.01a	35.05a	21.37a	0.32f	0.33e
		平均值Average	27.45	14.13	28.46	17.41	0.37	0.37
	D2	B1	14.45f	3.01f	17.23f	5.46f	0.58a	0.55a
		B2	19.49e	4.56e	20.62e	6.22e	0.49b	0.49b
		B3	27.75b	7.83d	29.92b	9.05d	0.42d	0.44c
		平均值Average	20.56	5.13	22.59	6.91	0.50	0.49
	变异来源 Sources of variation	年份 Year (Y)	**	*	**	NS	**	**
		密度 Density (D)	**	**	**	**	**	**
		行距 Race space (R)	**	**	**	**	**	**
		年份×密度Y×D	**	**	**	**	**	**
		年份×行距Y×R	**	**	**	**	**	**
		密度×行距D×R	**	**	**	**	**	**
		年份×密度×行距 Y×D×R	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS