中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (24): 4615-4624.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.24.003
收稿日期:
2018-07-23
接受日期:
2018-09-04
出版日期:
2018-12-16
发布日期:
2018-12-16
基金资助:
DONG HeZhong1(),ZHANG YanJun1,ZHANG DongMei1,DAI JianLong1,ZHANG WangFeng2(
)
Received:
2018-07-23
Accepted:
2018-09-04
Online:
2018-12-16
Published:
2018-12-16
摘要:
构建合理群体结构是实现棉花高产优质高效的重要栽培学基础。我国传统棉花群体结构主要有“高密小株类型”、“中密中株类型”和“稀植大株类型”3种,分别在西北内陆棉区、黄河流域棉区和长江流域棉区广泛应用,为实现棉花高产稳产发挥了重要作用。但进入新时期,传统群体结构不利于集中收获和提质增效的弊端凸显,探索新型棉花群体结构成为新时期棉花栽培学的重要研究内容。本文简要评述了传统棉花群体结构的主要特征和弊端;基于新时期轻简节本、提质增效的需要,提出了建立“降密健株型”、“增密壮株型”和“直密矮株型”3种适于集中收获的新型棉花群体结构替代传统群体结构的观点。在此基础上,重点论述了3种新型群体结构的主要指标和调控技术,对新型棉花群体结构的研究与发展趋势进行了展望。
董合忠,张艳军,张冬梅,代建龙,张旺锋. 基于集中收获的新型棉花群体结构[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(24): 4615-4624.
DONG HeZhong,ZHANG YanJun,ZHANG DongMei,DAI JianLong,ZHANG WangFeng. New Grouped Harvesting-Based Population Structures of Cotton[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(24): 4615-4624.
表1
基于集中收获的合理群体结构类型和主要指标"
指标 Indicator | 密植健株型 Vigorous plant under close planting | 増密壮株型 Robust plant under increased plant density | 直密矮壮型 Short and strong plant under direct seeding and high plant density |
---|---|---|---|
皮棉产量水平 Lint yield | 2250-2400 kg·hm-2 | 1650-1800 kg·hm-2 | ≈1500 kg·hm-2 |
适宜最大LAI Max LAI | 4.0-4.5 | 3.6-4.0 | 3.5-4.0 |
LAI动态 LAI dynamics | 适宜最大LAI在盛铃期 Max LAI occurs at peak boll-setting | 适宜最大LAI在盛铃期 Max LAI occurs at peak boll-setting | 适宜最大LAI在盛铃期 Max LAI occurs at peak boll-setting |
株高 Plant height | 75-85 cm | 90-100 cm | 80-90 cm |
节枝比 Fruiting nodes/fruiting branches | 2.0-2.5 | 2.8-3.3 | 2.5-3.0 |
棉柴比 Seedcotton/stalk | 0.75-0.85 | 0.8-0.9 | ≈0.85 |
非叶绿色器官 Non-leaf green organ | 光合贡献8%以上 Photosynthetic contribution >8% | 光合贡献5%以上 Photosynthetic contribution >5% | 光合贡献6%以上 Photosynthetic contribution >6% |
集中成铃 Centralized boll-setting | 霜前花率85%—90% Percentage of the pre-frost seedcotton is 85%-90% | 伏桃与早秋桃占比75%—80% Percentage of bolls in summer early autumn is 75%-80% | 伏桃与早秋桃占比75%以上 Percentage of bolls in summer early autumn is over 75% |
脱叶率 Defoliation rate | >92% | >95% | >95% |
适宜区域 Suitable area | 西北内陆 Northwest inland | 黄河流域 Yellow River valley | 长江流域 Yangtze River valley |
表2
新型群体结构调控关键技术"
关键措施 Key practices | 密植健株型(西北内陆) Vigorous plant under close planting (Northwest inland) | 増密壮株型(黄河流域) Robust plant under increased plant density (Yellow River valley) | 直密矮壮型(长江流域) Short and strong plant under direct seeding and high plant density (Yangtze River valley) |
---|---|---|---|
播种和出苗 Seeding and stand establishment | 宽膜覆盖增温、适时滴水调墒,实现一播全苗,保障稳健基础群体 Wide film mulching to increase temperature and timely drip irrigation to regulate soil moisture to realize full stand establishment for an adequate basic population | 单粒精量播种,缩小穴距、适增穴数,一播全苗,保障稳健基础群体 Reduce hole to hole spacing and increase the number of holes during precision monoseeding, to realize full stand establishment to ensure a moderate basic population | 麦(大蒜、油菜)茬后抢时精量播种早熟棉,实现一播全苗,保障稳健基础群体 Timely direct seeding after wheat (garlic or rape) to realize full stand establishment and ensure a relatively large basic population |
密度和株高 Plant density and plant height | 适当降密,适增株高:南疆15.0×104—18.0×104 株/hm2,株高75—85 cm;北疆16.5×104—21.0×104株/hm2,株高70—80 cm Reduce plant density to 15-18 plants/m2 with plant height of 75-85 cm in South Xinjiang, and 16.5 to 21 plants/m2 in North Xinjiang with plant height of 70-80 cm | 缩株增密至7.5×104—9×104株/hm2,株高普降至90—110 cm;宽窄行改为等行中膜覆盖;适时适度封行 Reduce plant spacing and increase plant density to 7.5-9 plants/m2. Decrease plant height to 90-110 cm; Replace wide and narrow row and narrow film coverage with equal row spacing (76 cm) and medium film coverage to ensure timely and appropriate row closure | 适当密植×104(9×104—12×104株/hm2),植株矮化(90—100 cm),适时适度封行,以密争早 Moderately dense planting (9-12 plants/m2) and reduction in plant height (90-100 cm) to ensure timely and appropriate row closure and earliness of cotton |
田间管理 Field management | 部分根区灌溉,水肥协同管理;及时脱叶催熟,脱叶彻底。 Partial root zone irrigation, fertigation management, timely defoliation and ripening, and complete defoliation | 盛蕾期适时破膜促根下扎;速效肥与控释肥结合,种肥同播,实现一次性施肥 Remove plastic film at peak squaring to promote root development. The combination of chemical fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer is used to achieve simultaneous seeding and fertilization | 速效肥与控释肥结合,一次基施,实现一次性施肥 The combination of chemical fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer can achieve one-time basal fertilization |
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