基于集中收获的新型棉花群体结构

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.24.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构建合理群体结构是实现棉花高产优质高效的重要栽培学基础。我国传统棉花群体结构主要有“高密小株类型”、“中密中株类型”和“稀植大株类型”3种,分别在西北内陆棉区、黄河流域棉区和长江流域棉区广泛应用,为实现棉花高产稳产发挥了重要作用。但进入新时期,传统群体结构不利于集中收获和提质增效的弊端凸显,探索新型棉花群体结构成为新时期棉花栽培学的重要研究内容。本文简要评述了传统棉花群体结构的主要特征和弊端;基于新时期轻简节本、提质增效的需要,提出了建立“降密健株型”、“增密壮株型”和“直密矮株型”3种适于集中收获的新型棉花群体结构替代传统群体结构的观点。在此基础上,重点论述了3种新型群体结构的主要指标和调控技术,对新型棉花群体结构的研究与发展趋势进行了展望。

关键词: 棉花, 群体结构, 株型, 集中收获, 轻简化植棉

Abstract:

The construction of rational population structures is an important cultivation basis to achieve high yield and quality of cotton. ‘Small-sized plant under high plant density’, ‘moderate-sized plant under moderate plant density’ and ‘large-sized plant under low plant density’ are three types of traditional cotton population structures in China, which have been widely used in China's major cotton planting regions of Northwest inland, Yellow River and Yangtze River valley, respectively, and have played key roles in achieving stable and high yields of cotton in the nation. However, in the new era of cotton industry development, there occur such disadvantages that the traditional population structures are not suitable for grouped harvesting as well as both fiber quality and production efficiency improvements. The exploration of new population structures has become an important approach in the new period of cotton cultivation. In this paper, we concisely reviewed the main features and the disadvantages of traditional population structures. Based on the needs of light and cost-saving cultivation as well as quality improving and efficiency increasing in the new era, it was suggested that constructing 3 new types of population structures adapted to grouped harvesting, ‘reduced plant density with healthy plants’, ‘increased plant density with robust plants’, and ‘direct seeding and close planting with short plants’ to substitute the three traditional structures. On this basis, the key indicators and regulation technologies of the 3 new population structures were mainly discussed, and the future development of the new population structures both in research and practice were also prospected.

Key words: cotton, population structure, plant type, grouped harvesting, light and simplified cotton cultivation

董合忠,张艳军,张冬梅,代建龙,张旺锋. 基于集中收获的新型棉花群体结构[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(24): 4615-4624.

DONG HeZhong,ZHANG YanJun,ZHANG DongMei,DAI JianLong,ZHANG WangFeng. New Grouped Harvesting-Based Population Structures of Cotton[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(24): 4615-4624.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.24.003

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I24/4615

图/表 2

表1

表2

新型群体结构调控关键技术"

关键措施 Key practices	密植健株型（西北内陆） Vigorous plant under close planting (Northwest inland)	増密壮株型（黄河流域） Robust plant under increased plant density (Yellow River valley)	直密矮壮型（长江流域） Short and strong plant under direct seeding and high plant density (Yangtze River valley)
播种和出苗 Seeding and stand establishment	宽膜覆盖增温、适时滴水调墒,实现一播全苗,保障稳健基础群体 Wide film mulching to increase temperature and timely drip irrigation to regulate soil moisture to realize full stand establishment for an adequate basic population	单粒精量播种,缩小穴距、适增穴数,一播全苗,保障稳健基础群体 Reduce hole to hole spacing and increase the number of holes during precision monoseeding, to realize full stand establishment to ensure a moderate basic population	麦（大蒜、油菜）茬后抢时精量播种早熟棉,实现一播全苗,保障稳健基础群体 Timely direct seeding after wheat (garlic or rape) to realize full stand establishment and ensure a relatively large basic population
密度和株高 Plant density and plant height	适当降密,适增株高：南疆15.0×10⁴—18.0×10⁴株/hm²,株高75—85 cm;北疆16.5×10⁴—21.0×10⁴株/hm²,株高70—80 cm Reduce plant density to 15-18 plants/m² with plant height of 75-85 cm in South Xinjiang, and 16.5 to 21 plants/m² in North Xinjiang with plant height of 70-80 cm	缩株增密至7.5×10⁴—9×10⁴株/hm²,株高普降至90—110 cm;宽窄行改为等行中膜覆盖;适时适度封行 Reduce plant spacing and increase plant density to 7.5-9 plants/m². Decrease plant height to 90-110 cm; Replace wide and narrow row and narrow film coverage with equal row spacing (76 cm) and medium film coverage to ensure timely and appropriate row closure	适当密植×10⁴（9×10⁴—12×10⁴株/hm²）,植株矮化（90—100 cm）,适时适度封行,以密争早 Moderately dense planting (9-12 plants/m²) and reduction in plant height (90-100 cm) to ensure timely and appropriate row closure and earliness of cotton
田间管理 Field management	部分根区灌溉,水肥协同管理;及时脱叶催熟,脱叶彻底。 Partial root zone irrigation, fertigation management, timely defoliation and ripening, and complete defoliation	盛蕾期适时破膜促根下扎;速效肥与控释肥结合,种肥同播,实现一次性施肥 Remove plastic film at peak squaring to promote root development. The combination of chemical fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer is used to achieve simultaneous seeding and fertilization	速效肥与控释肥结合,一次基施,实现一次性施肥 The combination of chemical fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer can achieve one-time basal fertilization

表2

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指标 Indicator	密植健株型 Vigorous plant under close planting	増密壮株型 Robust plant under increased plant density	直密矮壮型 Short and strong plant under direct seeding and high plant density
皮棉产量水平 Lint yield	2250-2400 kg·hm^-2	1650-1800 kg·hm^-2	≈1500 kg·hm^-2
适宜最大LAI Max LAI	4.0-4.5	3.6-4.0	3.5-4.0
LAI动态 LAI dynamics	适宜最大LAI在盛铃期 Max LAI occurs at peak boll-setting	适宜最大LAI在盛铃期 Max LAI occurs at peak boll-setting	适宜最大LAI在盛铃期 Max LAI occurs at peak boll-setting
株高 Plant height	75-85 cm	90-100 cm	80-90 cm
节枝比 Fruiting nodes/fruiting branches	2.0-2.5	2.8-3.3	2.5-3.0
棉柴比 Seedcotton/stalk	0.75-0.85	0.8-0.9	≈0.85
非叶绿色器官 Non-leaf green organ	光合贡献8%以上 Photosynthetic contribution >8%	光合贡献5%以上 Photosynthetic contribution >5%	光合贡献6%以上 Photosynthetic contribution >6%
集中成铃 Centralized boll-setting	霜前花率85%—90% Percentage of the pre-frost seedcotton is 85%-90%	伏桃与早秋桃占比75%—80% Percentage of bolls in summer early autumn is 75%-80%	伏桃与早秋桃占比75%以上 Percentage of bolls in summer early autumn is over 75%
脱叶率 Defoliation rate	>92%	>95%	>95%
适宜区域 Suitable area	西北内陆 Northwest inland	黄河流域 Yellow River valley	长江流域 Yangtze River valley