新疆棉花“矮、密、早”栽培历史、现状和展望

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新疆棉区通过多年研究和实践,于1994年前后形成基于合理密植、植株矮化、早发早熟的棉花“矮、密、早”栽培模式。该模式以促早发早熟为主攻目标,充分利用地膜覆盖、膜下滴灌、化学调控,以及机械化、信息化等技术手段,并与配套棉花品种结合,通过密植矮化促早管理,促进生长发育与光能利用同步,协调个体与群体矛盾;用群体效应增源、扩库,提高有效光合面积和光合生产能力;克服了春季低温、秋季降温快等不利环境影响。“矮、密、早”栽培模式实现了棉花早发早熟、高产优质,使新疆皮棉产量由1981年的511.5 kg·hm^-2提高到1994年的1 200.0 kg·hm^-2,并于2019年达到1 966.5 kg·hm^-2,年均增产7.2%以上,为中国和世界探寻高产栽培模式提供了典范。本文对“矮、密、早”栽培模式演进过程作了回顾,重点论述了该模式的技术内容和高产机理,并对该模式的发展作了展望,以期为今后棉花栽培模式的不断创新提供参考。

关键词: 新疆, 棉花, 矮密早模式, 高产机理, 栽培技术

Abstract:

Through years of research and practice, Xinjiang has formed a "short, dense, and early" cotton cultivation mode based on reasonable dense planting, dwarf plants, and early emergence and early maturity around 1994. The purpose of this mode was to promote early growth, fully utilize the technical methods of film mulching, drip irrigation, chemical regulation, mechanization, and informatization, and combine with cotton varieties, through dense planting and dwarf plants to promote the growth and development of cotton with synchronization of radiation use efficiency, and coordinate the contradiction between individuals and population of cotton. The group effect was used to increase the source and expand the sink to improve the effective photosynthetic area and photosynthetic production capacity, and to overcome adverse environmental impacts, such as low temperature in spring and rapid cooling in autumn. The "short, dense and early" cultivation mode could achieve early cotton maturity, high yield and high quality, which has increased Xinjiang's lint yield per hectare from 511.5 kg in 1981 to 1 200 kg in 1994. Under this mode, a high yield of 1 966.5 kg was achieved in 2019, and the average annual yield increased by more than 7.2%, which provided a mode for China and the world to explore high-yield cultivation modes. This article reviewed the formation and evolution of the "short, dense, early" cultivation mode, focusing on the content and high-yield mechanism of the mode, and prospects for the development of the mode, in order to provide a reference for the continuous innovation of cotton cultivation modes in the future.

Key words: Xinjiang, cotton, short dense early mode, high yield, cultivation technology

娄善伟,董合忠,田晓莉,田立文. 新疆棉花“矮、密、早”栽培历史、现状和展望[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(4): 720-732.

LOU ShanWei,DONG HeZhong,TIAN XiaoLi,TIAN LiWen. The " Short, Dense and Early" Cultivation of Cotton in Xinjiang: History, Current Situation and Prospect[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(4): 720-732.

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城市 City	月平均气温The monthly mean temperature（℃）
城市 City	4月 April	5月 May	6月 June	7月 July	8月 August	9月 September	10月 October
喀什市 Kashgar	16.7	20.8	25.8	26.4	24.8	20.3	13.6
精河县 Jinghe	14.2	20.3	25.7	27.1	24.9	18.9	10.0

区域 Region	播种期Sowing time	出苗期Seedling time	现蕾期Bud time	初花期Flowering time	始絮期Catchment time
南疆 South of Xinjiang	03-28	04-16	05-20	06-18	08-14
	04-05	04-21	05-25	06-22	08-16
	04-06	04-18	05-24	06-17	08-19
	04-09	04-26	05-25	06-22	08-21
	04-15	04-21	05-20	06-23	08-23
	04-25	04-30	05-30	07-04	09-02
北疆 North of Xinjiang	04-09	05-04	06-09	06-28	08-26
	04-14	05-05	06-02	07-01	08-30
	04-19	05-01	06-08	06-29	08-28
	04-25	05-09	06-04	06-30	08-28
	04-25	05-10	06-05	07-02	08-30
	05-04	05-13	06-12	07-10	09-03

数值 Numerical value	纵向分布 Longitudinal distribution (%)			横行分布 Transverse distribution (%)
数值 Numerical value	下部（1-4） Lower part	中部（4-8） Middle part	上部（8-） Top part	第一果节 The first fruit sites	第二果节 The second fruit site	第三果节 The third fruit site
最小值Minimum	25.9	30.9	18.7	67.0	14.8	0
最大值Maximum	31.8	48.4	21.1	86.2	28.0	9.9
平均值Average	29.0	41.1	19.9	73.4	21.0	5.8

数值 Numerical value	收获株数 Number of harvested trees (×10⁴plants/hm²)	单株铃数 Number of bolls per plant	单铃重 Weight per boll (g)	衣分 Lint percentage	籽棉产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
最小值 Minimum	19.20	5.00	5.49	40.5	7171.1
最大值 Maximum	22.50	8.80	6.14	41.2	8820.5
均值Average	20.90	6.90	5.83	40.6	7995.8