授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (15): 2880-2894.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

穆心愿¹^,²(), 吕姗姗¹, 卢良涛¹, 刘天学¹(), 李树岩³, 薛昌颖³, 王宏伟⁴, 赵霞², 夏来坤²(), 唐保军²

¹ 河南农业大学农学院，郑州 450046
² 河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所/河南省玉米绿色精准生产国际联合实验室，郑州 450002
³ 中国气象局/河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点实验室，郑州 450003
⁴ 南阳市宛城区信访局，河南南阳 473000

收稿日期:2022-12-02 接受日期:2023-03-02 出版日期:2023-08-01 发布日期:2023-08-05
通信作者:
刘天学，E-mail：tianxueliu2005@163.com。
夏来坤，E-mail：xialaikun@126.com
联系方式: 穆心愿，E-mail：muxinyuan@163.com。
基金资助:
中国气象局·河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点开放实验室项目(AMF202108); 河南省农业科学院科技创新团队项目(2023TD37); 河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所自主立项项目(LZZC202203); 河南省玉米产业技术体系建设专项(HARS-22-02-G2)

Effects of Tassel Sizes on Post-Flowering Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Different Maize Varieties Under High Temperature Stress During Pollination

MU XinYuan¹^,²(), LÜ ShanShan¹, LU LiangTao¹, LIU TianXue¹(), LI ShuYan³, XUE ChangYing³, WANG HongWei⁴, ZHAO Xia², XIA LaiKun²(), TANG BaoJun²

¹ College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046
² Cereal Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Henan International Joint Laboratory on Maize Precision Production, Zhengzhou 450002
³ China Meteorological Administration/Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique, Zhengzhou 450003
⁴ Nanyang Wancheng District Letters and Calls Bureau, Nanyang 473000, Henan

Received:2022-12-02 Accepted:2023-03-02 Published:2023-08-01 Online:2023-08-05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】高温是制约夏玉米高产稳产的重要气象因子之一，通过设置授粉期高温胁迫和雄穗变小处理，探明高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米产量形成的影响，为玉米抗逆栽培及耐高温育种提供参考。【方法】以2个玉米品种浚单20（XD20）和农华101（NH101）为试材，于2020—2021年玉米抽雄至散粉结束的10 d内采用人工模拟增温试验，同时，设置抽雄期雄穗变小处理（剪除60%雄穗分枝数），探究授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累分配和产量形成的影响。【结果】 2年结果表明，授粉期高温胁迫对玉米雄穗长度、分枝数、小穗数和雌雄开花动态影响较小，但导致玉米干物质积累能力及向穗部分配比例下降，影响雌穗生长发育，造成穗轴长度和穗轴粗显著降低，穗粒数显著减少，花后物质积累量及向籽粒分配比例下降，进而产量显著降低。高温胁迫后，NH101穗长的下降幅度小于XD20，但行粒数、穗粒数及花后物质积累向籽粒分配比例的下降幅度高于XD20，导致NH101产量降幅超过XD20，XD20和NH101产量降幅分别为12.32%和25.00%，可见XD20比NH101更耐高温。雄穗变小处理使XD20和NH101的雄穗分枝数和小穗数分别显著降低58.57%、42.91%和57.30%、41.34%，但对雌雄开花动态无显著影响。2个温度条件下，雄穗变小处理均能促进雌穗生长，增加穗粒数，促进花后物质向籽粒积累，进而提高产量，其中，高温条件下的XD20增产幅度最大。在常温条件下，与正常雄穗处理相比，雄穗变小处理下，XD20和NH101的产量分别平均增加2.76%和4.37%，而在高温条件下，分别增加12.47%和5.75%。【结论】授粉期高温胁迫对雄穗生长发育影响较小，但导致雌穗生长发育受到不可逆损伤，穗粒数减少，制约了花后光合同化物向籽粒分配，产量显著下降。高温条件下，适当减少雄穗分枝数可促进雌穗生长发育，增加穗粒数，促进花后物质向籽粒积累，提高产量，且大雄穗型品种浚单20增产幅度高于小雄穗型品种农华101。

关键词: 玉米, 授粉期高温, 雄穗大小, 干物质积累, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 High temperature stress is one of the most critical meteorological disaster factors that restrict the high and stable yield of maize. This study explored the effect of tassel sizes on yield of different maize varieties under high temperature stress during pollination, so as to provide the theoretical basis and reference for stress-resistant cultivation and high temperature resistance breeding of maize. 【Method】 This study was conducted by plot experiment in a greenhouse with two maize varieties as the experimental materials, Xundan 20 (XD20) and Nonghua 101 (NH101), from 2020 to 2021. The effect of tassel sizes on dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of maize under high temperature stress during pollination was investigated by setting the tassel branch removal treatment at tasseling stage. 【Result】 The results of two years showed that high temperature stress during pollination had little effect on tassel length, branch number, spikelet number and flowering dynamics of male and female. However, high temperature stress resulted in the decrease of dry matter accumulation capacity and distribution ratio to ear, which affected the growth and development of ear, resulting in the significant decrease of cob length and diameter, the significant decrease of grain number per ear, the decrease of proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis, and the significant decrease of yield. Under high temperature stress, the decrease of ear length of NH101 was less than that of XD20, but the decrease of grain number per row, grain number per ear and the proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis was higher than that of XD20, resulting in the decrease of yield of NH101 more than that of XD20, and the yield of XD20 and NH101 decreased by 12.32% and 25.00% respectively. XD20 is more resistant to heat than NH101. The tassel branch removal treatment significantly reduced the number of tassel branch and spikelet of XD20 and NH101 by 58.57%, 42.91% and 57.30%, 41.34%, respectively, but had little effect on the flowering dynamics of male and female. Under the two temperature conditions, the tassel branch removal treatment promoted the growth of ear, increased the grain number per ear, increased the proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis, and thus increased the yield. Among them, the yield increase of XD20 under high temperature conditions was the largest. Compared with normal tassel branch treatment, tassel branch removal treatment increased the yield of XD20 and NH101 by 2.76% and 4.37% under normal temperature conditions, while increased by 12.47% and 5.75% under high temperature conditions, respectively. 【Conclusion】 High temperature stress during pollination has little effect on the growth and development of tassel, but it caused irreversible damage to the growth and development of ear, reduced the number of grains per ear, limited the distribution of photosynthate to grains after anthesis, and significantly reduced the yield. Under high temperature conditions, properly reducing the number of branches in tassel can promote the growth and development of ear, increase the number of grains per ear, promote the accumulation of matter to grains after anthesis, and increase the yield. In addition, the yield increase of the large tassel-type variety XD20 was higher than that of the small tassel-type variety NH101.

Key words: maize, high temperature during pollination, tassel size, dry matter mass, grain yield

穆心愿, 吕姗姗, 卢良涛, 刘天学, 李树岩, 薛昌颖, 王宏伟, 赵霞, 夏来坤, 唐保军. 授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(15): 2880-2894.

MU XinYuan, LÜ ShanShan, LU LiangTao, LIU TianXue, LI ShuYan, XUE ChangYing, WANG HongWei, ZHAO Xia, XIA LaiKun, TANG BaoJun. Effects of Tassel Sizes on Post-Flowering Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Different Maize Varieties Under High Temperature Stress During Pollination[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(15): 2880-2894.

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图/表 8

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表1

表2

授粉期高温胁迫和雄穗变小处理对成熟期干物质积累与分配的影响"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	茎叶Stem leaf		穗轴Cob		籽粒Grain		总干重 Total dry matter (g/plant)
年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	总干重 Total dry matter (g/plant)
2020	XD20	NT+NB	74.28±7.44a	37.03	19.19±0.59ab	9.56	107.14±8.73ab	53.41	200.61±13.69ab
		NT+RB	72.40±4.33a	35.38	21.09±2.32a	10.30	111.17±3.84a	54.32	204.65±4.42a
		HT+NB	67.70±6.51a	41.74	15.77±0.67b	9.72	78.72±13.06b	48.53	162.19±18.89b
		HT+RB	79.90±6.87a	39.55	19.08±2.26ab	9.44	103.05±8.30ab	51.01	202.02±17.33ab
	NH101	NT+NB	95.97±4.64a	40.76	29.53±4.27ab	12.54	109.94±12.90ab	46.69	235.44±20.69ab
		NT+RB	102.88±5.09a	38.87	36.04±1.35a	13.62	125.78±7.11a	47.52	264.71±2.86a
		HT+NB	98.00±7.22a	46.69	28.90±4.34b	13.77	82.98±8.05b	39.54	209.88±17.06b
		HT+RB	101.30±6.96a	44.85	33.70±2.45ab	14.92	90.88±10.14b	40.23	225.89±19.03ab
变异来源 Source of variation	品种Variety (V)		**		**		NS		**
	温度Temperature (T)		NS		*		**		*
	雄穗Tassel (B)		NS		NS		*		NS
	V×T		NS		NS		NS		NS
	V×B		NS		NS		NS		NS
	T×B		NS		NS		NS		NS
	V×T×B		NS		NS		NS		NS
2021	XD20	NT+NB	78.04±2.18ab	36.79	21.04±0.88a	9.92	113.04±3.87a	53.29	212.13±4.79a
		NT+RB	88.37±8.82a	37.45	22.00±2.95a	9.32	125.58±14.30a	53.23	235.95±25.92a
		HT+NB	71.22±4.10b	40.04	15.67±0.88b	8.81	90.98±3.20b	51.15	177.87±6.87b
		HT+RB	76.13±3.11ab	39.77	16.98±1.90b	8.87	98.32±4.90b	51.36	191.44±8.04b
	NH101	NT+NB	82.48±6.85a	38.63	25.60±3.01a	11.99	105.42±8.97a	49.38	213.50±17.81a
		NT+RB	81.60±2.11a	38.14	26.85±1.36a	12.55	105.51±6.69a	49.31	213.96±9.33a
		HT+NB	80.56±3.31a	45.06	18.94±0.38b	10.59	79.30±2.23b	44.35	178.80±2.71b
		HT+RB	82.39±3.54a	44.64	21.59±2.35ab	11.69	80.60±9.47ab	43.67	184.58±14.67ab
变异来源 Source of variation	品种Variety (V)		NS		**		NS		NS
	温度Temperature (T)		NS		**		**		*
	雄穗Tassel (B)		NS		NS		NS		NS
	V×T		NS		NS		NS		NS
	V×B		NS		NS		NS		NS
	T×B		NS		NS		NS		NS
	V×T×B		NS		NS		NS		NS

表2

表3

授粉期高温胁迫和雄穗变小处理对玉米产量和产量构成的影响"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗长 Ear length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	穗行数 Ear rows	行粒数 Grains per row	穗粒数 Grains per ear	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (g·m^-2)
2020	XD20	NT+NB	13.69±0.35a	45.96±0.97ab	15.00±0.33a	25.78±0.70ab	385.40±9.00a	24.54±1.04a	629.87±28.91a
		NT+RB	14.53±0.28a	46.86±0.63a	14.40±0.27a	27.50±1.11a	394.30±12.53a	24.32±0.68a	641.67±33.63a
		HT+NB	12.20±0.43b	44.28±0.59b	14.49±0.58a	22.32±0.99b	320.40±8.62c	25.15±1.55a	528.40±22.09b
		HT+RB	12.32±0.50b	45.33±0.60ab	14.07±0.55a	24.09±1.68ab	343.45±6.72b	27.21±1.37a	592.53±18.55ab
	NH101	NT+NB	14.15±0.33ab	46.40±0.79a	14.80±0.53a	22.57±0.79a	331.60±10.00a	24.55±0.80a	597.80±16.42a
		NT+RB	14.93±0.39a	46.50±0.54a	14.80±0.53a	23.25±1.07a	340.50±11.33a	25.30±2.45a	627.40±28.06a
		HT+NB	12.65±0.47c	42.32±0.92b	14.40±0.50ab	16.74±1.18b	237.80±12.53b	27.20±0.87a	425.07±16.57c
		HT+RB	13.69±0.30bc	43.99±0.90b	13.20±0.33b	21.65±1.02a	253.90±9.79b	27.93±1.49a	469.33±21.94b
变异来源 Source of variation	品种Variety (V)		NS	NS	NS	**	**	NS	**
	温度Temperature (T)		**	**	NS	**	**	NS	**
	雄穗Tassel (B)		*	NS	NS	**	*	NS	*
	V×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	**
	V×B		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	T×B		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	V×T×B		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
2021	XD20	NT+NB	14.18±0.26b	48.24±0.56a	14.60±0.26a	32.85±0.70a	427.10±12.54a	22.30±0.42b	636.57±24.15ab
		NT+RB	14.87±0.15a	48.63±0.34a	14.60±0.21a	34.60±0.58a	440.05±9.16a	22.48±0.37b	659.83±17.73a
		HT+NB	12.20±0.17c	45.20±0.45b	14.00±0.36a	26.40±0.72b	355.63±9.83b	22.61±0.64b	531.26±12.90c
		HT+RB	12.56±0.18c	46.27±0.47b	14.00±0.38a	27.70±0.87b	375.27±14.68b	24.27±0.70a	599.24±18.83b
	NH101	NT+NB	13.54±0.37a	45.92±0.33ab	14.60±0.36a	23.35±0.77a	344.13±10.87a	26.92±1.08a	595.90±17.24a
		NT+RB	14.20±0.20a	45.79±0.43b	14.50±0.35a	24.80±0.48a	359.97±8.72a	25.91±0.61a	618.43±15.81a
		HT+NB	12.55±0.24b	47.24±0.55a	14.70±0.33a	20.15±0.60b	277.25±12.46b	26.74±0.88a	482.80±11.40b
		HT+RB	14.09±0.33a	44.64±0.57b	13.90±0.31a	20.25±0.55b	277.64±10.71b	26.65±0.74a	488.00±15.69b
变异来源 Source of variation	品种Variety (V)		NS	**	NS	**	**	**	**
	温度Temperature (T)		**	**	NS	**	**	NS	**
	雄穗Tassel (B)		**	NS	NS	*	NS	NS	*
	V×T		**	**	NS	**	NS	NS	NS
	V×B		**	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	T×B		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	V×T×B		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

表3

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授粉期高温胁迫下雄穗大小对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

Effects of Tassel Sizes on Post-Flowering Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Different Maize Varieties Under High Temperature Stress During Pollination

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