绿洲灌区不同施氮水平下玉米绿肥间作模式的水分利用特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.12.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对玉米连作对化肥依赖过高、水分利用效率低下等问题,探讨间作绿肥和减施氮肥对玉米农田耗水特征的影响,以期明确间作绿肥生产玉米的水分利用特征,为玉米生产减氮及水分高效利用技术的优化提供理论实践依据。【方法】2018—2019年,在河西绿洲设置田间定位试验,设玉米间作绿肥和单作玉米（M）两种种植模式,减量25%施氮（N1：270 kg·hm^-2）和传统施氮（N2：360 kg·hm^-2）两个施氮水平,绿肥种类包括作箭筈豌豆（V）和油菜（R）,研究不同处理下耗水特性和产量表现。【结果】间作绿肥可保证玉米稳产,在玉米/绿肥带状间作模式中,N1与N2处理的玉米产量差异不显著。间作绿肥和减施氮肥25%处理可提高绿肥刈割期、玉米收获后土壤含水量,以M/VN1处理提高幅度最大,较传统施氮下单作玉米（MN2）分别高17.2%—18.9%、28.6%—31.3%;间作绿肥和减施氮肥25%处理可降低作物在绿肥播前至刈割、绿肥刈割至玉米收获和作物全生育期的耗水量,以M/VN1处理降低幅度最大,较MN2分别降低38.8—48.8、32.9—53.9和80.9—92.7 mm;间作绿肥可提高玉米水分利用效率,以M/V处理最为突出,比M处理高14.9%—15.6%;N1与N2相比,M/R、M/V处理水分利用效率分别提高3.4%—5.2%、5.7%—6.5%,M处理的降低4.0%—5.5%;提高幅度以M/VN1处理最大,较MN2高14.8%—16.8%。玉米间作绿肥、减施氮肥25%处理可有效改善土壤含水量,降低系统耗水,提高玉米水分利用效率,具有较高的水分生产力。【结论】在水资源短缺的河西绿洲灌区,间作绿肥可保证玉米稳产,具有较高的水分供给潜力,其中玉米间作箭筈豌豆集成减量25%施氮处理的综合效果最好。

关键词: 玉米/绿肥间作, 减量施氮, 土壤含水量, 产量, 水分利用

Abstract:

【Objective】 The excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers and lower water productivity have constrained maize production in continuous maize cropping. This study explored the characteristics of water consumption through intercropping maize with green manure and reducing of N fertilizer rate. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of water utilization of maize production due to intercropping green manure, so as to provide a theoretical and practical basis for the optimization of nitrogen reduction and water use efficiency (WUE) in maize production. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2019 in Hexi oasis irrigation region. There were two cropping patterns, i.e. maize-green manure intercropping and sole maize (M). Two N fertilizer rates, i.e. 25% N fertilizer reduction (N1) and traditional N fertilizer application (N2), were managed. The green manure included common vetch (V) and rape (R). Water consumption characteristics and yield performance of various treatments were studied. 【Result】 Intercropping green manure did not reduce grain yield of maize even with lower N application, as no significant difference of grain yield between N1 and N2. Intercropping green manure couple with 25% N fertilizer reduction could increase soil water content at the green manure clipping and maize harvest, and the increase range of M/VN1 was the largest, which was 17.2%-18.9% and 28.6%-31.3% higher than that of sole maize under traditional N fertilizer application (MN2). Intercropping green manure couple with 25% N fertilizer reduction significantly reduced the crop water consumption. Compared with MN2, the water consumption of M/VN1 was decreased by 38.8-48.8 mm, 32.9-53.9 mm and 80.9-92.7 mm, respectively, at before green manure planting to clipping, green manure clipping to maize harvest, and the entire growing period. Intercropping green manure also improved the WUE of maize; and M/V treatment was the most prominent, which was 14.9%-15.6% higher than M treatment. Compared with N2, N1 treatments of M/R and M/V increased WUE by 3.4%-5.2% and 5.7%-6.5%, respectively; while M treatment decreased WUE by 4.0%-5.5%. Intercropping maize with green manure integrated 25% N fertilizer reduction had greater WUE, the WUE of M/VN1 was increased by 14.8%-16.8% compared with MN2. Thus, intercropping maize with common vetch integrated 25% N fertilizer reduction could effectively improve soil water content, reduce water consumption of the system, increase WUE of maize, and have high water productivity. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that intercropping green manure to substitute partial chemical fertilizer N in water limited oasis irrigation region had high water supply potential. Intercropping maize with common vetch integrated 25% N fertilizer reduction was the optimum practice.

Key words: maize-green manure intercropping, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, soil water content, yield, water use

李含婷,柴强,王琦明,胡发龙,于爱忠,赵财,殷文,樊志龙,范虹. 绿洲灌区不同施氮水平下玉米绿肥间作模式的水分利用特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(12): 2608-2618.

LI HanTing,CHAI Qiang,WANG QiMing,HU FaLong,YU AiZhong,ZHAO Cai,YIN Wen,FAN ZhiLong,FAN Hong. Water Use Characteristics of Maize-Green Manure Intercropping Under Different Nitrogen Application Levels in the Oasis Irrigation Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(12): 2608-2618.

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种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	玉米 Maize				绿肥 Green manure		生物热能产 Energy yield (MJ·hm^-2)
		籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)		秸秆产量 Straw yield (kg·hm^-2)		生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)		生物热能产 Energy yield (MJ·hm^-2)
		2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
M/R	N1	14495a	14699a	16259b	16875ab	3772b	3909b	528729a	543038a
M/R	N2	14608a	14651a	16477b	16401b	4006b	4093b	537150a	538021a
M/V	N1	14881a	14953a	16553ab	16890ab	4555a	4719a	550745a	559237a
M/V	N2	14880a	14958a	17189a	17133a	4768a	4662a	563124a	562015a
M	N1	13415b	13350b	14363c	14690c	-	-	428365c	432072c
M	N2	14733a	14816a	17238a	17058a	-	-	491833b	490553b
显著性(P值) Significance (P value)
种植模式Cropping pattern, C		0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.000
施氮水平N fertilizer level, N		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.216	0.655	0.000	0.000
种植模式×施氮水平C×N		0.000	0.008	0.006	0.000	0.952	0.401	0.000	0.003

种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	绿肥播前—刈割 Before green manure-clipping		绿肥刈割—玉米收获 Green manure clipping-maize harvest		全生育期 Entire growing period
种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N fertilizer level	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
M/R	N1	331.7c	366.0c	294.0c	253.6b	625.6c	619.7d
M/R	N2	350.3b	381.8b	301.9b	268.1a	652.2b	649.9b
M/V	N1	320.4d	353.9d	270.9d	234.3c	591.3d	588.2e
M/V	N2	335.9c	375.3bc	293.7c	246.7b	629.6c	622.0d
M	N1	347.7b	387.8b	300.9b	250.3b	648.5b	638.1c
M	N2	359.2a	401.9a	324.7a	267.2a	683.9a	669.1a
显著性(P值) Significance (P value)
种植模式Cropping pattern, C		0.001	0.000	0.002	0.000	0.001	0.000
施氮水平N fertilizer level, N		0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000
种植模式×施氮水平C×N		0.002	0.028	0.006	0.000	0.000	0.003