基于品种生育期有效积温确定夏玉米适宜播期

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在当前气候变化和夏玉米品种更替的背景下,如何调整品种和播种期以适应当地有效积温的变化对夏玉米的生产具有重要的意义。本研究通过分析不同熟期夏玉米品种产量形成对播期的响应,以期为当地适宜播期和品种的选择提供理论依据。【方法】2017—2019年,共选用3个中早熟夏玉米品种登海518（DH518）、京农科728（JNK728）、登海618（DH618）,3个中晚熟品种郑单958（ZD958）、登海605（DH605）、先玉335（XY335）作为试验材料,并设置6月5日（E）、6月15日（N）、6月25日（L）3个播期,探讨播期对不同熟期夏玉米授粉结实和产量形成等的影响。【结果】播期推迟至6月25日,各品种千粒重增加,单位面积穗数、穗粒数显著降低,产量下降。与6月25日播种中晚熟品种相比,6月5日播种,产量和有效积温生产效率分别增加28.81%和16.24%;与6月25日播种中早熟品种相比,6月15日播种,产量和有效积温生产效率分别增加18.92%和14.66%。随播期推迟,不同品种全生育期有效积温降低1.21%—10.62%,中晚熟品种的降幅大于中早熟品种;中早熟品种总结实率降低6.25%—19.94%,中晚熟品种总结实率降低8.11%—27.32%,中晚熟品种的降幅大于中早熟品种;不同品种空秆率增高1.42%—14.72%,与品种熟期无关;中早熟品种收获指数先升高后降低,变幅在15.91%—20.23%,中晚熟品种收获指数降幅在2.36%—27.69%。不同品种产量与有效积温呈正相关,且吐丝期—成熟期有效积温与产量的关系更密切;有效积温、收获指数、总结实率、全生育期天数4个因素中,中早熟品种的产量与收获指数、总结实率的关系更密切,而中晚熟品种的产量与有效积温、收获指数的相关性更强;中早熟品种的有效积温与全生育期天数的相关性强于其与总结实率、收获指数和产量的相关性,而中晚熟品种的有效积温与产量的相关性强于其与收获指数、总结实率和全生育期天数的相关性。【结论】中早熟品种产量受有效积温限制较小,1 700℃·d左右的全生育期有效积温更有利于保证其较高的结实率和收获指数,进而获得高产;中晚熟品种产量受有效积温限制较大,1 800℃·d以上的有效积温更有利于其产量的增加。在当地气候条件下,6月5日左右播种中晚熟品种、6月15日左右播种中早熟品种,有利于获得较高产量且提高有效积温生产效率。

关键词: 夏玉米, 播期, 产量, 有效积温, 授粉结实

Abstract:

【Objective】 As the climate change and summer maize hybrids transition, it is of great significance to study how to adjust the summer maize hybrids and sowing date to adapt the effective accumulated temperature. This study was expected to explore the influence of sowing date on the yield formation of summer maize hybrids differing in maturities, so as to provide theoretical references for the local suitable sowing date and selection of maize hybrids. 【Method】 The medium early maturing hybrids, including Denghai 518 (DH518), Jingnongke 728 (JNK728), Denghai 618 (DH618), and medium late maturing hybrids, including Zhengdan 958 (ZD958), Denghai 605 (DH605), Xianyu 335 (XY335), were selected as test materials from 2017 to 2019, and three sowing dates were set up on June 5th (E), June 15th (N) and June 25th (L). Then, the effects of sowing date on the seed setting rate and yield formation of summer maize hybrids differing in maturities were investigated. 【Result】 Compared with sowing on June 25th, the yield of the medium late maturing hybrids sowing on June 5th and the medium early maturing hybrids on June 15th was increased by 28.81% and 18.92%, respectively; the production efficiency of the effective accumulated temperature (EAT) was increased by 16.24% and 14.66%, respectively. Under the delayed the sowing date to June 25th, the 1000-kernel weights of all hybrids increased, while the kernels per ear and harvest ear number reduced, which led to the yield losses. With sowing date delayed, the EAT of all hybrids decreased by 1.21%-10.62%, and the decrease of middle late maturing hybrids was greater than that in the middle early. Besides, the total seed setting rate reduced 6.25%-19.94% in the middle early maturing hybrids, while the middle late hybrids decreased by 8.11%-27.32%, which was higher than that in the middle early hybrids. The rate of empty shot increased by 1.42%-14.72%, which was unconcerned with the maturity of hybrids. The harvest index of middle early maturing hybrids first increased and next decreased, with the range of 15.91%-20.23% when the middle late hybrids decreased by 2.36%-27.69%. The yield of different hybrids was positively correlated with EAT, while the effect of EAT from silking to maturing stage was more significant. Among the four factors of EAT, harvest index, total seed rate and the whole growth period days, the yield of middle early maturing hybrids was closely related to harvest index and total seed rate, while the yield of middle late maturing hybrids had stronger correlation with EAT and harvest index. The correlation between EAT and the whole growth period days was greater than that of total seed rate, harvest index and yield in medium early maturing hybrids, while the correlation between EAT and yield was stronger than that of harvest index, total seed rate and the whole growth period days in medium late maturing hybrids. 【Conclusion】 The yield of middle early maturing hybrids was less limited by the effective accumulated temperature. Higher harvest index and total seed setting rate could be available when the effective accumulated temperature was about 1 700℃·d in the whole growth period. The yield of middle late hybrids was limited by the effective accumulated temperature more. Above 1 800℃·d was more conductive to the increase of yield. Therefore, sowing medium late maturing hybrids around June 5th and medium early maturing hybrids around June 15th were beneficial to obtain higher yield and improve the production efficiency of effective accumulated temperature for local summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, sowing date, yield, effective accumulated temperature, seed setting rate

陈静,任佰朝,赵斌,刘鹏,杨今胜,张吉旺. 基于品种生育期有效积温确定夏玉米适宜播期[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3632-3646.

CHEN Jing,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin,LIU Peng,YANG JinSheng,ZHANG JiWang. Determination on Suitable Sowing Date of Summer Maize Hybrids Based on Effective Accumulated Temperature in Growth Period[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3632-3646.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I17/3632

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年份Year	熟期Maturity	品种Hybrid	出苗-成熟期天数VE-R6 (d)
2017	中早熟Medium early maturity	登海518 DH518	100
2017	中晚熟Medium late maturity	郑单958 ZD958	110
2018	中早熟Medium early maturity	京农科728 JNK728	100
	中早熟Medium early maturity	登海618 DH618	99
	中晚熟Medium late maturity	郑单958 ZD958	110
	中晚熟Medium late maturity	登海605 DH605	110
2019	中早熟Medium early maturity	京农科728 JNK728	100
	中早熟Medium early maturity	登海618 DH618	99
	中晚熟Medium late maturity	郑单958 ZD958	110
	中晚熟Medium late maturity	先玉335 XY335	110

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	播期 Sowing date (M-D)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	穗粒数 Kernels per ear	穗数 Harvest ear number (ears/hm²)
2017	DH518	06-05	10794a	356a	471ab	64375ab
		06-15	11033a	347a	483a	65833a
		06-25	9754b	332b	467b	62917b
	ZD958	06-05	13043a	370a	553a	63750b
		06-15	12757b	367b	515b	67500a
		06-25	9831c	339c	446c	65025b
2018	JNK728	06-05	9154ab	337b	422a	64365b
		06-15	9717a	340b	427a	66930a
		06-25	8780b	365a	369b	65190ab
	DH618	06-05	8941a	347b	399b	64575a
		06-15	10455a	375a	423a	65910a
		06-25	7538b	375a	322c	62430b
	ZD958	06-05	9583b	297b	478b	67500a
		06-15	11208a	338a	495a	66990ab
		06-25	9390b	343a	421c	65025b
	DH605	06-05	12158a	342c	535a	66450a
		06-15	11341b	356b	487b	65415a
		06-25	9687c	386a	387c	64845a
2019	JNK728	06-05	9037b	335c	438a	61590a
		06-15	9694a	382b	406b	62505a
		06-25	7857c	393a	375c	53310b
	DH618	06-05	10399b	354c	480a	61200a
		06-15	11289a	406a	461b	60315a
		06-25	9954c	394b	445c	56775b
	ZD958	06-05	10846a	342b	501a	63300a
		06-15	9698b	345b	473b	59430b
		06-25	9166c	395a	385c	60270b
	XY335	06-05	11389a	365b	508a	61425a
		06-15	9675b	334c	492a	58875b
		06-25	7962c	405a	366b	53715c
ANOVA	年份 Year（Y）		ns	ns	ns	**
	品种Hybrid（H）		*	*	**	ns
	播期Sowing date（S）		**	**	**	*
	品种×播期H×S		*	**	**	ns

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	播期 Sowing date (M-D)	播种-出苗 SD-VE (℃·d)	出苗-吐丝 VE-R1 (℃·d)	吐丝-成熟 R1-R6 (℃·d)	全生育期 Total growth period (℃·d)	有效积温生产效率 Production efficiency of EAT (kg·hm^-2·(℃·d)^-1)
2018	JNK728	06-05	101.35	864.15	815.25	1780.75	5.14b
		06-15	98.95	799.15	846.35	1744.45	5.57a
		06-25	104.75	810.30	787.40	1702.45	5.16b
	DH618	06-05	101.35	801.75	904.80	1807.90	4.95b
		06-15	98.95	820.65	824.85	1744.45	5.99a
		06-25	104.75	767.70	824.15	1696.60	4.44c
	ZD958	06-05	101.35	901.15	915.30	1917.80	5.00c
		06-15	98.95	862.50	897.50	1858.95	6.03a
		06-25	104.75	850.90	767.05	1722.70	5.45b
	DH605	06-05	101.35	882.65	924.40	1908.40	6.37a
		06-15	98.95	820.65	883.65	1803.25	6.29a
		06-25	104.75	850.90	750.10	1705.75	5.68b
2019	JNK728	06-05	93.50	824.60	774.00	1692.10	5.34b
		06-15	112.60	768.35	745.00	1625.95	5.96a
		06-25	83.10	775.60	667.90	1526.60	5.15b
	DH618	06-05	93.50	786.70	811.90	1692.10	6.15b
		06-15	112.60	750.10	775.35	1638.05	6.89a
		06-25	83.10	748.25	700.45	1531.80	6.50ab
	ZD958	06-05	93.50	864.15	809.70	1767.35	6.14a
		06-15	112.60	786.20	847.15	1745.95	5.55b
		06-25	83.10	790.80	732.20	1606.10	5.71b
	XY335	06-05	93.50	882.00	745.75	1721.25	6.62a
		06-15	112.60	834.80	752.40	1699.80	5.69b
		06-25	83.10	821.30	648.30	1552.70	5.13c
ANOVA	年份Year（Y）		*	ns	*	*	ns
	品种Hybrid（H）		ns	ns	*	*	*
	播期Sowing date（S）		*	*	*	*	*
	品种×播期H×S		ns	ns	*	*	*

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	播期 Sowing date （M-D）	雄穗分支数 Tassel branch numbers	雄穗总小花数 Total tassel spikelet numbers	不育小花数 Spikelet abortion numbers	小花败育率 Spikelet abortion rate (%)
2018	JNK728	06-05	9	568a	21c	3.70b
		06-15	9	537b	30b	5.59b
		06-25	7	544ab	52a	9.56a
	DH618	06-05	7	640c	64a	10.00a
		06-15	8	689b	45b	6.53b
		06-25	8	798a	24c	3.01c
	ZD958	06-05	23	1156b	54b	4.67b
		06-15	22	1176b	61b	5.19b
		06-25	25	1365a	176a	12.89a
	DH605	06-05	10	815a	56b	6.87b
		06-15	8	622b	28c	4.50c
		06-25	9	806a	83a	10.30a
2019	JNK728	06-05	10	683a	3b	0.44b
		06-15	9	607b	10a	1.65a
		06-25	8	506c	8a	1.58a
	DH618	06-05	6	613a	9a	1.46a
		06-15	6	500b	8a	1.60a
		06-25	5	591a	11a	1.86a
	ZD958	06-05	21	1389a	2c	0.14c
		06-15	20	1295b	21b	1.62b
		06-25	24	1447a	55a	3.80a
	XY335	06-05	5	453b	2c	0.44c
		06-15	5	563a	17b	3.02b
		06-25	5	537a	36a	6.70a

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	播期 Sowing date (M-D)	总小花数Number of total floret	受精小花数Number of fertilization floret	穗粒数Number of normal kernel	小花受精率Floret fertility rate (%)	小花结实率Flower seed setting rate (%)	籽粒败育率Seed abortive rate (%)	总结实率Total seed setting rate (%)	总败育率Total abortive rate (%)
2018	JNK728	06-05	664b	544a	422a	81.97b	77.53a	22.47b	63.55a	36.45b
		06-15	680a	559a	427a	82.25b	76.35a	23.65b	62.79a	37.21b
		06-25	616c	534a	369b	86.69a	69.10b	30.90a	59.90b	40.10a
	DH618	06-05	600a	497b	399b	82.88b	80.23b	19.77b	66.50c	33.50a
		06-15	604a	544a	423a	90.12a	77.71c	22.29a	70.03b	29.97b
		06-25	444b	331c	322c	74.62c	97.19a	2.81c	72.52a	27.48c
	ZD958	06-05	696a	588a	478a	84.44a	81.33b	18.67b	68.68b	31.32b
		06-15	650b	563a	495a	86.57a	87.97a	12.03c	76.15a	23.85c
		06-25	700a	595a	421b	84.96a	70.79c	29.21a	60.14c	39.86a
	DH605	06-05	1028a	925a	535a	90.01a	57.82a	42.18b	52.04a	47.96b
		06-15	1000a	893a	487b	89.27a	54.55b	45.45a	48.70b	51.30a
		06-25	796b	667b	387c	83.79b	58.02a	41.98b	48.62b	51.38a
2019	JNK728	06-05	576c	533a	438a	92.53a	82.18a	17.82b	76.04a	23.96c
		06-15	652a	532a	406b	81.60b	76.32b	23.68a	62.27b	37.73b
		06-25	616b	468b	375c	75.97c	80.13a	19.87b	60.88c	39.12a
	DH618	06-05	572a	496a	480a	86.71a	96.77a	3.23b	83.92a	16.08b
		06-15	586a	501a	461b	85.49a	92.02b	7.98a	78.67b	21.33a
		06-25	574a	478b	445c	83.28b	93.10b	4.91b	77.53b	22.47a
	ZD958	06-05	654a	622a	501a	95.11a	80.55a	19.45c	76.61a	23.39c
		06-15	672a	637a	473b	94.79a	74.25b	25.75b	70.39b	29.61b
		06-25	650a	566b	385c	87.08b	68.02c	31.98a	59.23c	40.77a
	XY335	06-05	695b	560b	508a	80.58a	90.71a	9.29c	73.09a	26.91c
		06-15	756a	609a	492a	80.56a	80.79b	19.21b	65.08b	34.92b
		06-25	688b	505c	366b	73.40b	72.48c	27.52a	53.20c	46.80a