滴灌模式对苹果光合特性、产量及灌溉水利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.15.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明黄土区苹果优质高效生产的滴灌模式。【方法】该研究以8年生寒富苹果树为研究对象,试验设3种滴灌方式：分根交替滴灌（ADI）、单管滴灌（UDI）和双管滴灌（BDI）,及3个灌水梯度：高水（W1）、中水（W2）和低水（W3）,采用正交试验设计,共9个处理。研究滴灌方式与灌水处理对苹果冠层、光合、外观品质、产量及灌水利用效率的影响。【结果】与W1相比,减少灌水量显著减少叶面积指数、叶倾角和丛生指数（P<0.05）。与单管滴灌相比,分根交替处理显著增加叶面积指数（P<0.05）,显著降低叶倾角与丛生指数（P<0.05）。在果实膨大期（DAF=80 d）,ADI-W2处理的净光合速率、羧化效率和叶片瞬时水分利用效率达到最大值。苹果叶片11：00的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和羧化效率随开花后天数（DAF）增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。各水分处理下苹果叶片净光合速率日变化呈“M”型规律,ADI处理净光合速率“午休”现象不明显,各处理的叶片瞬时水分利用效率(除ADI-W2外）处理峰值均出现在上午10：00,ADI-W2处理推迟了峰值的时间,其叶片瞬时水分利用效率的日均值为各处理的最大值（3.22 μmol·mmol^-1）。ADI与W2组合能够提高产量,在两年内,ADI-W2处理的苹果硬度（9.09 kg·cm^-2）、果形指数（0.88）、大果率（63.46%）、单果重（224.12 g）和产量（33 010.15 kg·hm^-2）均最大,ADI与W3组合能够提高灌溉水利用效率,ADI-W3处理灌溉水利用效率（36.21 kg·m^-3）最高。【结论】运用综合评分法得到ADI-W2处理为最优组合,因此黄土区苹果节水增产应采用中水量分根交替滴灌的方式。

关键词: 滴灌方式, 灌水量, 光合特性, 产量, 分根交替灌溉, 综合评价, 黄土区

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore a high-efficient production drip irrigation model of apple tree in Loess Plateau.【Method】 In this study, 8-year-old Hanfu apple trees were took as the research object with different irrigation amount and pattern experiments. These experiments were divided into three treatment groups of root-divided alternative irrigation(ADI), single pipe drip irrigation(UDI) and double pipe drip irrigation(BDI). ADI, UDI and BDI were supplied with three different irrigation levels: high water (W1), middle water (W2) and low water (W3), respectively. Therefore, there were nine treatments based on orthogonal experiment design in number. Then, the responses of the important apple tree parameters, including canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, yield and irrigation efficiency, were studied.【Result】 The results showed that less irrigation amount (W2 and W3) significantly reduced leaf area index, leaf inclination angle and clumping index (P<0.05), and increase the irrigation water use efficiency. Compared with single pipe drip irrigation, the drip pattern of alternate root division significantly increased leaf area index (P<0.05), and significantly decreased leaf inclination angle and clumping index (P<0.05). The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and carboxylation efficiency of apple leaves at 11:00 increased at first and then decreased with the increase of DAF. At the fruit expansion stage (DAF=80 d), the net photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency and leaf instantaneous water use efficiency under ADI-W2 were higher than that under other patterns. The diurnal variation curve of net photosynthetic rate of apple leaves under different water treatments showed “M” pattern. The phenomenon of “midday depression” of net photosynthetic rate under ADI treatment was not obvious. The peak value of instantaneous water use efficiency of leaves of all treatments appeared at 10:00 a.m, besides the treatment of ADI-W2. ADI-W2 delayed the emergence of peak value, and exhibited a highest daily average instantaneous water use efficiency (3.22 μmol·mmol^-1). Furthermore, ADI-W2 had the best hardness (9.09 kg·cm^-2), fruit shape index (0.88), big fruit rate (63.46%), single fruit weight (224.12 g) and yield (33 010.15 kg·hm^-2). The combination with W3 could improve the irrigation water use efficiency, and the irrigation water use efficiency under ADI-W3 treatment (36.21 kg·m^-3) was the highest.【Conclusion】 Finally, ADI-W2 treatment could be defined to be the best drip irrigation mode of water-saving and yield increasing of apple comprehensive scoring method in Loess Plateau area in this study. The results provided a scientific theoretical support for apple drip irrigation management in Loess Plateau.

Key words: drip irrigation method, irrigation amount, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, root-divided alternative irrigation, comprehensive evaluation, Loess Plateau region

刘星,曹红霞,廖阳,周宸光,李黄涛. 滴灌模式对苹果光合特性、产量及灌溉水利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(15): 3264-3278.

LIU Xing,CAO HongXia,LIAO Yang,ZHOU ChenGuang,LI HuangTao. Effects of Drip Irrigation Methods on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield and Irrigation Water Use of Apple[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(15): 3264-3278.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I15/3264

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

滴灌方式和灌水量对苹果树冠层结构参数的影响"

冠层指标 Canopy index	滴灌方式 Drip irrigation		灌水量 Irrigation amount				开花后天数 Days after flowering (d)
							2018										2019
							20			80				140			20				80			140
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	BDI		W1				1.19abc			1.79bcd				2.08bc			1.19bc				1.77abcd			2.06b
			W2				1.13c			1.71cd				2.12bc			1.06d				1.66cd			2.08b
			W3				1.12c			1.73cd				1.94d			1.19bc				1.71bcd			1.96bc
	ADI		W1				1.24ab			1.81abc				2.13b			1.27ab				1.81abc			2.03bc
			W2				1.27ab			1.92a				2.24a			1.35a				1.92a			2.35a
			W3				1.17bc			1.76bcd				2.04c			1.15cd				1.87ab			1.95bc
	UDI		W1				1.28a			1.86ab				2.05bc			1.25b				1.82abc			2.05bc
			W2				1.17bc			1.8abc				1.92d			1.11cd				1.81abc			1.9bc
			W3				1.10c			1.67d				1.86d			1.18bc				1.62d			1.87c
叶倾角 Leaf inclination	BDI		W1				23.59a			18.43b				16.89ab			23.44a				19.11a			17.02a
			W2				23.46a			17.3cd				16.68abc			22.98a				17.12c			16.97a
			W3				22.27bc			16.01e				14.19f			22.61ab				15.72e			14.48b
	ADI		W1				23.27ab			17.71bc				17.30ab			24.17a				18.01b			17.34a
			W2				21.72cd			19.57a				17.36a			22.23b				19.44a			17.79a
			W3				20.32e			16.26de				15.60de			19.63c				16.24de			14.81b
	UDI		W1				23.44a			16.80cde				16.38bcd			22.48ab				17.04cd			16.84a
			W2				20.15e			16.68cde				15.83cde			20.30c				16.89cd			15.59b
			W3				20.96de			16.40de				14.97ef			19.33c				16.7cd			15.51b
丛生指数 Clumping index	BDI		W1				0.80a			0.74ab				0.60ab			0.77ab				0.76a			0.66a
			W2				0.65bcd			0.63d				0.58ab			0.71bc				0.66ab			0.53cd
			W3				0.63cd			0.61d				0.55bc			0.67c				0.57b			0.52d
	ADI		W1				0.71b			0.71bc				0.59ab			0.75ab				0.73c			0.56bcd
			W2				0.62d			0.60d				0.50c			0.66c				0.61c			0.52d
			W3				0.61d			0.53e				0.49c			0.56d				0.53cd			0.42e
	UDI		W1				0.81a			0.78a				0.63a			0.82a				0.80cd			0.57bcd
			W2				0.71b			0.71bc				0.61ab			0.71bc				0.65de			0.59bc
			W3				0.70bc			0.65cd				0.57ab			0.67c				0.62e			0.62ab
		叶面积指数 Leaf area index									叶倾角 Leaf inclination								丛生指数 Clumping index
		开花后天数 Days after flowering (d)									开花后天数 Days after flowering (d)								开花后天数 Days after flowering (d)
		2018				2019					2018				2019				2018				2019
		20		80	140	20		80	140		20	80	140		20	80		140	20	80		140	20		80	140
滴灌方式Method		ns		*	*	ns		*	**		ns	*	**		ns	ns		*	ns	**		*	ns		*	ns
灌水量Irrigation amount		*		*	ns	ns		*	**		ns	*	**		ns	*		**	**	**		*	**		**	*
滴灌方式×灌水量 Method×Irrigation amount		ns		ns	*	ns		ns	**		ns	ns	*		ns	ns		*	ns	ns		ns	ns		ns	ns

表2

图2

图3

表3

表4

表5

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灌水水平 Irrigation level	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota (m³·hm^-2)		灌水次数 Irrigation frequency
灌水水平 Irrigation level	2018	2019	2018	2019
W1	1363	1453	7	8
W2	1023	1089	7	8
W3	749	800	7	8

	LAI	LI	CI	P_n	C_i	T_r	G_s	CE	LWUE
LAI	1
LI	0.41	1
CI	0.13	0.44	1
P_n	0.66*	0.80**	0.59	1
C_i	-0.65*	-0.79**	-0.46	-0.93**	1
T_r	0.67*	0.39	0.82**	0.55	-0.30	1
G_s	0.47	0.34	0.84**	0.47	-0.26	0.85**	1
CE	0.53	0.83**	0.53	0.85**	-0.69*	0.43	0.35	1
LWUE	0.68*	0.67*	0.11	0.80**	-0.91**	-0.16	-0.12	0.87**	1

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		着色度 Coloring degree		硬度 Fruit firmness (kg·cm^-2)		果形指数 Fruit shape index		大果率 Big fruit percentage (%)		单株果实数量 Fruit number per tree			单果质量 Single fruit weight (g)		产量 Fruit yield (kg·hm^-2)		灌溉水分利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (kg·m^-3)
2018	BDI-W1		1.93ab		7.25cde		0.85ab		61.03a		141ab			200.84abc		28374.67b		20.82d
	BDI-W2		1.95ab		7.67cd		0.85ab		51.76c		132abcd			194.58bc		25720.15d		25.14c
	BDI-W3		1.97ab		8.08bc		0.84ab		47.66cd		128bcd			193.22bc		24731.36e		33.02ab
	ADI-W1		1.91ab		8.04bcd		0.88a		60.06a		136ab			214.57ab		29120.15b		21.37d
	ADI-W2		2.11a		9.09a		0.88a		63.46a		147a			224.12a		33010.15a		32.27b
	ADI-W3		2.12a		9.04ab		0.86ab		53.55bc		133abc			204.48abc		27120.15c		36.21a
	UDI-W1		1.96ab		6.03f		0.78bc		58.01ab		130abcd			193.5bc		25131.36de		18.44de
	UDI-W2		1.83b		6.56ef		0.8abc		43.67d		118cd			195.36bc		23131.36f		15.92e
	UDI-W3		1.79b		7.04de		0.75c		43.04d		115d			184.45c		21131.36g		19.40de
2019	BDI-W1		2.22a		7.01d		0.82abc		55.97bc		203a			195.42bc		39670.85c		27.30e
	BDI-W2		2.11ab		7.28d		0.85abc		58.15ab		174bc			193.26bc		33649.83e		30.90de
	BDI-W3		2.06abc		8.38bc		0.84abc		52.08cd		162cd			186.96c		30210.90f		37.76bc
	ADI-W1		2.08ab		8.91ab		0.88a		62.02a		198ab			213.43ab		42249.43b		29.08de
	ADI-W2		2.15ab		9.01ab		0.86ab		63.65a		196ab			223.88a		43970.58a		40.38b
	ADI-W3		2.08ab		9.51a		0.88a		54.66bc		186abc			199.03bc		37089.37d		46.36a
	UDI-W1		1.98bcd		5.65e		0.81abc		53.03bcd		169cd			188.65c		31931.06ef		21.98f
	UDI-W2		1.88cd		7.39cd		0.8bc		47.49de		147d			193.79bc		28489.92g		26.16ef
	UDI-W3		1.83d		7.27d		0.77c		42.01e		147d			182.46c		26769.12g		33.46cd
双因素方差分析（F 值检验）Two-Way ANOVA (F value test)
2018		M		ns		**		ns		*		*	*		**		**
		I		ns		**		ns		*		ns	ns		**		**
		M×I		ns		ns		ns		*		ns	ns		*		**
2019		M		ns		*		ns		*		*	**		**		**
		I		ns		*		ns		*		*	ns		*		**
		M×I		ns		ns		ns		*		*	ns		**		**

年份 Year	滴灌方式 Drip irrigation	灌水量 Irrigation amount	着色度 Coloring degree	硬度 Fruit firmness	果形指数 Fruit shape index	大果率 Big fruit percentage	挂果数 Fruit number	单果质量 Single fruit weight (g)	产量 Fruit yield	灌溉水分利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency	综合得分 Comprehensive score	排名 Rank
2018	BDI	W1	0.42	0.40	0.77	0.88	0.81	0.41	0.61	0.24	0.55	4
		W2	0.48	0.54	0.77	0.43	0.53	0.26	0.39	0.45	0.47	5
		W3	0.55	0.67	0.69	0.23	0.41	0.22	0.30	0.84	0.47	6
	ADI	W1	0.36	0.66	1.00	0.83	0.66	0.76	0.67	0.27	0.73	3
		W2	0.97	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.81	0.89	1
		W3	1.00	0.98	0.85	0.51	0.56	0.50	0.50	1.00	0.78	2
	UDI	W1	0.52	0.00	0.23	0.73	0.47	0.23	0.34	0.12	0.22	7
		W2	0.12	0.17	0.38	0.03	0.09	0.28	0.17	0.00	0.20	8
		W3	0.00	0.33	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.17	0.06	9
	CV		0.06	0.16	0.04	0.12	0.12	0.07	0.18	0.24
	权重 Weight		0.06	0.16	0.05	0.13	0.12	0.07	0.18	0.24
2019	BDI	W1	1.00	0.35	0.45	0.65	1.00	0.31	0.75	0.22	0.53	4
		W2	0.72	0.42	0.73	0.75	0.48	0.26	0.40	0.37	0.46	6
		W3	0.59	0.71	0.64	0.47	0.27	0.11	0.20	0.65	0.52	5
	ADI	W1	0.64	0.84	1.00	0.92	0.91	0.75	0.90	0.29	0.59	3
		W2	0.82	0.87	0.82	1.00	0.88	1.00	1.00	0.75	0.95	1
		W3	0.64	1.00	1.00	0.58	0.70	0.40	0.60	1.00	0.75	2
	UDI	W1	0.38	0.00	0.36	0.51	0.39	0.15	0.30	0.00	0.30	7
		W2	0.13	0.45	0.27	0.25	0.00	0.27	0.10	0.17	0.12	8
		W3	0.00	0.42	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.47	0.03	9
	CV		0.06	0.14	0.05	0.14	0.08	0.06	0.13	0.30
	权重 Weight		0.06	0.14	0.06	0.14	0.08	0.06	0.13	0.30