中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (15): 3264-3278.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.15.011
收稿日期:
2020-09-08
接受日期:
2020-12-25
出版日期:
2021-08-01
发布日期:
2021-08-10
通讯作者:
曹红霞
作者简介:
刘星,E-mail: 基金资助:
LIU Xing(),CAO HongXia(
),LIAO Yang,ZHOU ChenGuang,LI HuangTao
Received:
2020-09-08
Accepted:
2020-12-25
Online:
2021-08-01
Published:
2021-08-10
Contact:
HongXia CAO
摘要:
【目的】 探明黄土区苹果优质高效生产的滴灌模式。【方法】 该研究以8年生寒富苹果树为研究对象,试验设3种滴灌方式:分根交替滴灌(ADI)、单管滴灌(UDI)和双管滴灌(BDI),及3个灌水梯度:高水(W1)、中水(W2)和低水(W3),采用正交试验设计,共9个处理。研究滴灌方式与灌水处理对苹果冠层、光合、外观品质、产量及灌水利用效率的影响。【结果】 与W1相比,减少灌水量显著减少叶面积指数、叶倾角和丛生指数(P<0.05)。与单管滴灌相比,分根交替处理显著增加叶面积指数(P<0.05),显著降低叶倾角与丛生指数(P<0.05)。在果实膨大期(DAF=80 d),ADI-W2处理的净光合速率、羧化效率和叶片瞬时水分利用效率达到最大值。苹果叶片11:00的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和羧化效率随开花后天数(DAF)增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。各水分处理下苹果叶片净光合速率日变化呈“M”型规律,ADI处理净光合速率“午休”现象不明显,各处理的叶片瞬时水分利用效率(除ADI-W2外)处理峰值均出现在上午10:00,ADI-W2处理推迟了峰值的时间,其叶片瞬时水分利用效率的日均值为各处理的最大值(3.22 μmol·mmol-1)。ADI与W2组合能够提高产量,在两年内,ADI-W2处理的苹果硬度(9.09 kg·cm-2)、果形指数(0.88)、大果率(63.46%)、单果重(224.12 g)和产量(33 010.15 kg·hm-2)均最大,ADI与W3组合能够提高灌溉水利用效率,ADI-W3处理灌溉水利用效率(36.21 kg·m-3)最高。【结论】 运用综合评分法得到ADI-W2处理为最优组合,因此黄土区苹果节水增产应采用中水量分根交替滴灌的方式。
刘星,曹红霞,廖阳,周宸光,李黄涛. 滴灌模式对苹果光合特性、产量及灌溉水利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(15): 3264-3278.
LIU Xing,CAO HongXia,LIAO Yang,ZHOU ChenGuang,LI HuangTao. Effects of Drip Irrigation Methods on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield and Irrigation Water Use of Apple[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(15): 3264-3278.
表2
滴灌方式和灌水量对苹果树冠层结构参数的影响"
冠层指标 Canopy index | 滴灌方式 Drip irrigation | 灌水量 Irrigation amount | 开花后天数 Days after flowering (d) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 80 | 140 | 20 | 80 | 140 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
叶面积指数 Leaf area index | BDI | W1 | 1.19abc | 1.79bcd | 2.08bc | 1.19bc | 1.77abcd | 2.06b | |||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 1.13c | 1.71cd | 2.12bc | 1.06d | 1.66cd | 2.08b | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 1.12c | 1.73cd | 1.94d | 1.19bc | 1.71bcd | 1.96bc | |||||||||||||||||||||
ADI | W1 | 1.24ab | 1.81abc | 2.13b | 1.27ab | 1.81abc | 2.03bc | ||||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 1.27ab | 1.92a | 2.24a | 1.35a | 1.92a | 2.35a | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 1.17bc | 1.76bcd | 2.04c | 1.15cd | 1.87ab | 1.95bc | |||||||||||||||||||||
UDI | W1 | 1.28a | 1.86ab | 2.05bc | 1.25b | 1.82abc | 2.05bc | ||||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 1.17bc | 1.8abc | 1.92d | 1.11cd | 1.81abc | 1.9bc | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 1.10c | 1.67d | 1.86d | 1.18bc | 1.62d | 1.87c | |||||||||||||||||||||
叶倾角 Leaf inclination | BDI | W1 | 23.59a | 18.43b | 16.89ab | 23.44a | 19.11a | 17.02a | |||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 23.46a | 17.3cd | 16.68abc | 22.98a | 17.12c | 16.97a | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 22.27bc | 16.01e | 14.19f | 22.61ab | 15.72e | 14.48b | |||||||||||||||||||||
ADI | W1 | 23.27ab | 17.71bc | 17.30ab | 24.17a | 18.01b | 17.34a | ||||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 21.72cd | 19.57a | 17.36a | 22.23b | 19.44a | 17.79a | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 20.32e | 16.26de | 15.60de | 19.63c | 16.24de | 14.81b | |||||||||||||||||||||
UDI | W1 | 23.44a | 16.80cde | 16.38bcd | 22.48ab | 17.04cd | 16.84a | ||||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 20.15e | 16.68cde | 15.83cde | 20.30c | 16.89cd | 15.59b | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 20.96de | 16.40de | 14.97ef | 19.33c | 16.7cd | 15.51b | |||||||||||||||||||||
丛生指数 Clumping index | BDI | W1 | 0.80a | 0.74ab | 0.60ab | 0.77ab | 0.76a | 0.66a | |||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 0.65bcd | 0.63d | 0.58ab | 0.71bc | 0.66ab | 0.53cd | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 0.63cd | 0.61d | 0.55bc | 0.67c | 0.57b | 0.52d | |||||||||||||||||||||
ADI | W1 | 0.71b | 0.71bc | 0.59ab | 0.75ab | 0.73c | 0.56bcd | ||||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 0.62d | 0.60d | 0.50c | 0.66c | 0.61c | 0.52d | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 0.61d | 0.53e | 0.49c | 0.56d | 0.53cd | 0.42e | |||||||||||||||||||||
UDI | W1 | 0.81a | 0.78a | 0.63a | 0.82a | 0.80cd | 0.57bcd | ||||||||||||||||||||
W2 | 0.71b | 0.71bc | 0.61ab | 0.71bc | 0.65de | 0.59bc | |||||||||||||||||||||
W3 | 0.70bc | 0.65cd | 0.57ab | 0.67c | 0.62e | 0.62ab | |||||||||||||||||||||
叶面积指数 Leaf area index | 叶倾角 Leaf inclination | 丛生指数 Clumping index | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
开花后天数 Days after flowering (d) | 开花后天数 Days after flowering (d) | 开花后天数 Days after flowering (d) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 80 | 140 | 20 | 80 | 140 | 20 | 80 | 140 | 20 | 80 | 140 | 20 | 80 | 140 | 20 | 80 | 140 | ||||||||||
滴灌方式Method | ns | * | * | ns | * | ** | ns | * | ** | ns | ns | * | ns | ** | * | ns | * | ns | |||||||||
灌水量Irrigation amount | * | * | ns | ns | * | ** | ns | * | ** | ns | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | * | |||||||||
滴灌方式×灌水量 Method×Irrigation amount | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ** | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
表3
光合特征参数与冠层指标的相关性分析"
LAI | LI | CI | Pn | Ci | Tr | Gs | CE | LWUE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAI | 1 | ||||||||
LI | 0.41 | 1 | |||||||
CI | 0.13 | 0.44 | 1 | ||||||
Pn | 0.66* | 0.80** | 0.59 | 1 | |||||
Ci | -0.65* | -0.79** | -0.46 | -0.93** | 1 | ||||
Tr | 0.67* | 0.39 | 0.82** | 0.55 | -0.30 | 1 | |||
Gs | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.84** | 0.47 | -0.26 | 0.85** | 1 | ||
CE | 0.53 | 0.83** | 0.53 | 0.85** | -0.69* | 0.43 | 0.35 | 1 | |
LWUE | 0.68* | 0.67* | 0.11 | 0.80** | -0.91** | -0.16 | -0.12 | 0.87** | 1 |
表4
各处理对苹果外观、产量、灌水利用效率影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 着色度 Coloring degree | 硬度 Fruit firmness (kg·cm-2) | 果形指数 Fruit shape index | 大果率 Big fruit percentage (%) | 单株果实数量 Fruit number per tree | 单果质量 Single fruit weight (g) | 产量 Fruit yield (kg·hm-2) | 灌溉水分利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (kg·m-3) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | BDI-W1 | 1.93ab | 7.25cde | 0.85ab | 61.03a | 141ab | 200.84abc | 28374.67b | 20.82d | |||||||||
BDI-W2 | 1.95ab | 7.67cd | 0.85ab | 51.76c | 132abcd | 194.58bc | 25720.15d | 25.14c | ||||||||||
BDI-W3 | 1.97ab | 8.08bc | 0.84ab | 47.66cd | 128bcd | 193.22bc | 24731.36e | 33.02ab | ||||||||||
ADI-W1 | 1.91ab | 8.04bcd | 0.88a | 60.06a | 136ab | 214.57ab | 29120.15b | 21.37d | ||||||||||
ADI-W2 | 2.11a | 9.09a | 0.88a | 63.46a | 147a | 224.12a | 33010.15a | 32.27b | ||||||||||
ADI-W3 | 2.12a | 9.04ab | 0.86ab | 53.55bc | 133abc | 204.48abc | 27120.15c | 36.21a | ||||||||||
UDI-W1 | 1.96ab | 6.03f | 0.78bc | 58.01ab | 130abcd | 193.5bc | 25131.36de | 18.44de | ||||||||||
UDI-W2 | 1.83b | 6.56ef | 0.8abc | 43.67d | 118cd | 195.36bc | 23131.36f | 15.92e | ||||||||||
UDI-W3 | 1.79b | 7.04de | 0.75c | 43.04d | 115d | 184.45c | 21131.36g | 19.40de | ||||||||||
2019 | BDI-W1 | 2.22a | 7.01d | 0.82abc | 55.97bc | 203a | 195.42bc | 39670.85c | 27.30e | |||||||||
BDI-W2 | 2.11ab | 7.28d | 0.85abc | 58.15ab | 174bc | 193.26bc | 33649.83e | 30.90de | ||||||||||
BDI-W3 | 2.06abc | 8.38bc | 0.84abc | 52.08cd | 162cd | 186.96c | 30210.90f | 37.76bc | ||||||||||
ADI-W1 | 2.08ab | 8.91ab | 0.88a | 62.02a | 198ab | 213.43ab | 42249.43b | 29.08de | ||||||||||
ADI-W2 | 2.15ab | 9.01ab | 0.86ab | 63.65a | 196ab | 223.88a | 43970.58a | 40.38b | ||||||||||
ADI-W3 | 2.08ab | 9.51a | 0.88a | 54.66bc | 186abc | 199.03bc | 37089.37d | 46.36a | ||||||||||
UDI-W1 | 1.98bcd | 5.65e | 0.81abc | 53.03bcd | 169cd | 188.65c | 31931.06ef | 21.98f | ||||||||||
UDI-W2 | 1.88cd | 7.39cd | 0.8bc | 47.49de | 147d | 193.79bc | 28489.92g | 26.16ef | ||||||||||
UDI-W3 | 1.83d | 7.27d | 0.77c | 42.01e | 147d | 182.46c | 26769.12g | 33.46cd | ||||||||||
双因素方差分析(F 值检验)Two-Way ANOVA (F value test) | ||||||||||||||||||
2018 | M | ns | ** | ns | * | * | * | ** | ** | |||||||||
I | ns | ** | ns | * | ns | ns | ** | ** | ||||||||||
M×I | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | * | ** | ||||||||||
2019 | M | ns | * | ns | * | * | ** | ** | ** | |||||||||
I | ns | * | ns | * | * | ns | * | ** | ||||||||||
M×I | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ns | ** | ** |
表5
各处理对苹果外观、产量、灌水利用效率影响隶属函数综合评价"
年份 Year | 滴灌方式 Drip irrigation | 灌水量 Irrigation amount | 着色度 Coloring degree | 硬度 Fruit firmness | 果形指数 Fruit shape index | 大果率 Big fruit percentage | 挂果数 Fruit number | 单果质量 Single fruit weight (g) | 产量 Fruit yield | 灌溉水分利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency | 综合得分 Comprehensive score | 排名 Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | BDI | W1 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.77 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.41 | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 4 |
W2 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 5 | ||
W3 | 0.55 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.84 | 0.47 | 6 | ||
ADI | W1 | 0.36 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.27 | 0.73 | 3 | |
W2 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 1 | ||
W3 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 2 | ||
UDI | W1 | 0.52 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 7 | |
W2 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 8 | ||
W3 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 9 | ||
CV | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.24 | ||||
权重 Weight | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.24 | ||||
2019 | BDI | W1 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 0.53 | 4 |
W2 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 6 | ||
W3 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 5 | ||
ADI | W1 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.29 | 0.59 | 3 | |
W2 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.95 | 1 | ||
W3 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 2 | ||
UDI | W1 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 7 | |
W2 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 8 | ||
W3 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.03 | 9 | ||
CV | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.30 | ||||
权重 Weight | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.30 |
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