中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (1): 129-143.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.01.010
张克坤2(),陈可钦2,李婉平2,乔浩蓉2,张俊霞2,刘凤之1,房玉林2(
),王海波1(
)
收稿日期:
2022-03-21
接受日期:
2022-04-15
出版日期:
2023-01-01
发布日期:
2023-01-17
通讯作者:
房玉林,王海波
作者简介:
张克坤,Tel:15295573556;E-mail:基金资助:
ZHANG KeKun2(),CHEN KeQin2,LI WanPing2,QIAO HaoRong2,ZHANG JunXia2,LIU FengZhi1,FANG YuLin2(
),WANG HaiBo1(
)
Received:
2022-03-21
Accepted:
2022-04-15
Online:
2023-01-01
Published:
2023-01-17
Contact:
YuLin FANG,HaiBo WANG
摘要:
【目的】通过分析不同灌水量处理对葡萄果实品质指标、香气组分积累、香气物质合成相关基因表达影响的差异,确定灌水模式与鲜食葡萄感官品质形成间的关系,为限根栽培葡萄最佳灌水量的确定提供参考。【方法】以鲜食葡萄‘阳光玫瑰’为试材,设置对照组CK、轻度水分亏缺组(DI-1)、重度水分亏缺组(DI-2),系统比较不同灌水量对葡萄果实外观形态指标、色泽指标、香气组分、萜烯合成相关基因表达水平等的影响。【结果】灌水量影响葡萄果粒的形态与质地特征,采收期时葡萄果粒的纵径并未受到灌水量的显著影响,而亏缺灌溉组果粒的横径、单粒重显著降低(P<0.05)。葡萄果肉的硬度也受到亏缺灌溉的影响而下降,特别是DI-2组,葡萄果肉硬度明显低于其他处理组。亏缺灌溉组DI-1、DI-2的葡萄果实中葡萄糖含量显著高于对照处理,重度亏缺组DI-2果糖含量显著高于其他处理,而轻度的亏缺灌溉(DI-1)并未对葡萄果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量产生显著影响。亏缺灌溉处理下葡萄果皮中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量均出现降低,DI-2组果皮中叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量的比值最低。灌水量影响到葡萄果实中香气组分的积累,对于萜烯类物质,轻度亏缺灌溉DI-1处理的果实中柠檬烯、水芹烯、α-蒎烯、γ-松油烯、(E)-β-罗勒烯、萜品油烯、(E)-呋喃氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、二氢芳樟醇、α-萜品醇、香茅醇、橙花醇、香叶醇等组分的含量最高,DI-1处理的果实中萜烯类物质总量也最高,DI-2组中萜烯类物质含量次之,而对照组最低。由酯类物质总量来看,DI-1组中酯类物质含量最高,对照组次之,而DI-2组含量最低;由醛类物质总量来看,轻度亏缺灌溉组DI-1中醛类物质明显低于照组与DI-2组;由高级醇类物质总量来看,DI-1组含量最高,DI-2组含量次之,对照组含量最低。不同灌水量条件下萜烯合成相关基因的响应程度与表达趋势存在差异,VvDXS1、VvDXS2、VvDXR、VvDHR、VvPNLinNer1、VvCSLinNer、VvGwbOci、VvCSbOci、VvGwGer等基因均能响应水分亏缺而上调。【结论】综合果实中香气组分的积累量与感官品质,轻度水分亏缺(60%—70%田间最大持水量)更能促进‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实香气品质的形成,有助于提高果实的商品价值。
张克坤,陈可钦,李婉平,乔浩蓉,张俊霞,刘凤之,房玉林,王海波. 灌水量对限根栽培‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果实发育与香气物质积累的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(1): 129-143.
ZHANG KeKun,CHEN KeQin,LI WanPing,QIAO HaoRong,ZHANG JunXia,LIU FengZhi,FANG YuLin,WANG HaiBo. Effects of Irrigation Amount on Berry Development and Aroma Components Accumulation of Shine Muscat Grape in Root-Restricted Cultivation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(1): 129-143.
表1
实时荧光定量PCR引物序列"
基因名称 Gene name | 基因ID Gene ID | 引物序列Primes sequence (5′-3′) | |
---|---|---|---|
VvActin | VIT_04s0044g00580 | F: CTTGCATCCCTCAGCACCTT | R: TCCTGTGGACAATGGATGGA |
VvDXS1 | VIT_05s0020g02130 | F: GTGCATCACTTTCGGATAGGGA | R: TTGTTTCAGCTCCTTGACAGACAG |
VvDXS2 | VIT_11s0052g01780 | F: CTGCTGCCCAGGACAACAAT | R: CAGCCAACGTCTCAAGCTCC |
VvDXS3 | VIT_04s0008g04970 | F: TTGAAAGGGAAACGGGAAC | R: TGGGTGTAAAGAATGACGACTG |
VvDXR | VIT_17s0000g08390 | F: TGCTGGGGGTCCTTTTGTCCTTCC | R: TCAACGGGCCAATCCCTGAATGC |
VvDHR | VIT_03s0063g02030 | F: CGTTATGTTAGTAGTTGGTGGGTG | R: CTTATTCTGTTTCCTGGACCTATTC |
VvGPPS | VIT_15s0024g00850 | F: ATGGTGGTTGCTGAGGTCC | R: CAACAATAGGACTGTGGGACG |
VvPNLinNer1 | VIT_00s0385g00010 | F: AGATGGGATTTGTCTGCTTTCA | R: CTTATGCTCCTTGTGGACCTTG |
VvCSLinNer | VIT_00s0271g00060 | F: ATGGCTATGATGTGCCTGAAGA | R: CGTACAAGCAGAGCAGTCCCT |
VvGwbOci | VIT_12s0134g00020 | F: CTACACGAGGCTATGGCTTTCTT | R: CAAGTAGAACATCATCCGCACCTT |
VvCSbOci | VIT_12s0134g00030 | F: GGGAAGGCAGAGATGATGTGTTA | R: TTTCCACCACTTGAACATGTCTTT |
VvCSbOciM | VIT_13s0067g00370 | F: GGTCCTGTAGTACTAGTCCACGCTT | R: ACTCATCCAGTGATGTTCCCAGA |
VvGwGer | VIT_12s0134g00140 | F: TCAAGTCTCATCGTCTCCTTGTTCA | R: CGCATGTGGAGATAGAGTTAAGGA |
表2
不同灌水处理下‘阳光玫瑰’果实中香气组分的差异"
化合物 Compound | CAS 编号 | 保留指数 RI | CK | DI1 | DI2 | 感官描述 Odor description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
酯类 Esters | ||||||
乙酸乙酯 Ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | 612 | 467.81±8.29b | 643.31±10.07a | 128.48±7.86c | 果味、甜、菠萝、香脂 Fruity, sweet, pineapple, balsamic |
苯甲酸乙酯 Benzoic acid, ethyl ester | 93-89-0 | 1171 | 20.58±0.58 | 18.24±1.04 | 19.99±1.43 | 甜的、水果、药香香气和味道 Sweet, fruity, medicinal aroma and taste |
水杨酸甲酯 Methyl salicylate | 119-36-8 | 1192 | 23.26±0.65b | 41.22±0.91a | 24.03±3.28b | 冬青油 Wintergreen oil |
合计 Total | 511.65±8.28b | 702.77±11.6a | 172.5±12.49c | |||
醛类 Aldehydes | ||||||
正己醛 Hexanal | 66-25-1 | 800 | 85.96±1.63c | 304.3±16.16a | 212.87±11.8b | 苹果、青草香 Apple, grass |
庚醛 Heptanal | 111-71-7 | 910 | 7.56±0.27b | 11.96±1.64a | 10.25±0.4a | —— |
2-己烯醛 2-Hexenal | 505-57-7 | 854 | 1.73±0.24b | 5.17±0.2a | 0.77±0.058c | 青香、辛香、苹果、脂肪、青草 Green, spicy, apple, fatty, grass |
(E)-2-己烯醛 2-Hexenal, (E)- | 6728-26-3 | 851 | 2722.06±121.58a | 2034.05±59.3c | 2486±38.53b | 青苹果、青草 Green apple, grassy |
辛醛 Octanal | 124-13-0 | 1003 | 2.18±0.16a | 1.64±0.34b | 1.7±0.31b | 甜橙、脂肪、蜂蜜、杏子 Sweet orange, fatty, honey, apricots |
(E)-2-庚烯醛 2-Heptenal, (E)- | 18829-55-5 | 958 | 0.62±0.04a | 0.3±0.075b | 0.65±0.098a | 青香、果香、脂肪、肉香 Green, fruity, fat, meaty |
壬醛 Nonanal | 124-19-6 | 1104 | 7.44±0.25a | 2.78±0.12c | 3.94±0.11b | 绿色,略带刺鼻 green, slightly pungent |
2,4-己二烯醛 2,4-Hexadienal, (E,E)- | 142-83-6 | 911 | 2.37±0.21 | 2.50±0.17 | 2.24±0.085 | 甜、青香、果香、柑橘、蜡香、甜瓜味 Sweet, green, fruity, citrus, waxy, melon |
癸醛Decanal | 112-31-2 | 1206 | 2.65±0.29 | 2.63±0.18 | 2.43±0.078 | 青草Grassy |
苯甲醛 Benzaldehyde | 100-52-7 | 962 | 1.60±0.086 | 1.53±0.18 | 1.46±0.075 | 杏仁、香 Almond, fragrant |
2-甲基苯甲醛 2-Methylbenzaldehyde | 529-20-4 | 1064 | 2.14±0.11b | 3.09±0.2a | 2.29±0.19b | —— |
2,4-二甲基苯甲醛 Benzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl- | 15764-16-6 | 1181 | 7.30±0.12a | 3.42±0.49c | 5.14±0.097b | —— |
合计 Total | 2843.6±122.64a | 2373.37±69.61b | 2729.75±38.83a | —— | ||
萜烯类 Terpernes | ||||||
柠檬烯 D-Limonene | 5989-27-5 | 1018 | 113.76±6.16c | 154.11±5.63a | 129.52±9.44b | 花香、绿色、柑橘 Flowery, green, citrus |
水芹烯 alpha.-Phellandrene | 99-83-2 | 1005 | 23.13±3.43b | 28.29±0.72a | 20.1±1.38b | 柑橘香、青香、黑胡椒香 Citrus, green, black pepper |
α-蒎烯 alpha.-Pinene | 80-56-8 | 948 | 47.93±1.5b | 61.94±3.8a | 52.87±2.81b | —— |
γ-松油烯 gamma.-Terpinene | 99-85-4 | 1169 | 35.35±1.05c | 52.87±3.71a | 42.68±2.81b | 芳香的松木气味,并略带甜的柑橘风味 Pine wood scent with a slightly sweet citrus flavor |
(E)-β-罗勒烯 trans-.beta.-Ocimene | 13877-91-3 | 1037 | 4.68±0.37b | 5.74±0.69a | 5.58±0.45a | 青香、热带果香、萜香、木香 Green, tropical fruity, terpene, woody |
萜品油烯 Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4- (1-methylethylidene)- | 586-62-9 | 1088 | 140.84±8.32c | 209.65±4.25a | 181.8±4.04b | 柑橘、木香 Citrusy, wood |
(E)-呋喃氧化芳樟醇 trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1000121-97-4 | 1066 | 32.53±0.82c | 51.38±2.83a | 41.7±1.81b | 木香、花香、凉香、萜香、青香 Woody, floral, cool, terpene, green |
芳樟醇 Linalool | 78-70-6 | 1099 | 240.62±9.31c | 310.05±10.25a | 276.74±11.09b | 花香、果香、麝香、柠檬酸 Flowery, fruity,muscat,citric |
二氢芳樟醇 1,5,7-Octatrien-3-ol, 3,7- dimethyl- | 29957-43-5 | 1107 | 41.35±3.2c | 79.31±2.51a | 58.4±1.45b | —— |
化合物 Compound | CAS 编号 | 保留指数 RI | CK | DI1 | DI2 | 感官描述 Odor description |
α-萜品醇.alpha.-Terpineol | 7785-53-7 | 1143 | 121.16±2.36b | 212.95±11.06a | 110.47±4.42b | 绿色、花香、油性 Green, floral, oily |
(E)-吡喃氧化芳樟醇 (3R,6S)-2,2,6-Trimethyl-6- vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol | 39028-58-5 | 1173 | 26.04±1.91a | 16.42±2.13b | 26.43±5.1a | 木香、花香、凉香、萜香、青香 Woody, floral, cool, terpene, green |
香茅醇 Citronellol | 106-22-9 | 750 | 10.32±0.56b | 16.01±0.71a | 11.13±1.75b | 玫瑰色果香、绿色柠檬 Fruity rosy, green lemon |
橙花醇 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7- dimethyl-, (Z)- | 106-25-2 | 1228 | 12.95±1.49b | 21.61±1.75a | 13.14±2.14b | 甜美的果香、花香;柑橘 Sweet fruity, floral, citrus |
香叶醇 Geraniol | 106-24-1 | 1255 | 34.65±2.34c | 61.18±2.65a | 41.8±3.13b | 柠檬酸 citric |
氧化玫瑰 (2S,4R)-4-Methyl-2-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) tetrahydro- 2H-pyran | 876-18-6 | 1121 | 2.51±0.33 | 2.14±0.22 | 2.39±0.48 | 花香、青香、香叶、药草、樟脑、辛香香气,青香、蔬菜、柑橘、玫瑰味道 Floral, green, bay leaf, herb, camphor, spice, green, vegetable, citrus, rose |
橙花醚 2H-Pyran, 3,6-dihydro-4-methyl- 2-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)- | 1786-08-9 | 1153 | 115.21±4.56b | 114.17±7.63b | 132.13±3.72a | 强烈的花香香气,橙花油似的香韵,以及新鲜的青香气息 Intense floral aroma, neroli-like aroma, and fresh green notes |
p-伞花烃 p-Cymene | 527-84-4 | 975 | 7.80±0.19c | 10.40±1.62a | 9.26±0.3b | 胡萝卜、柑橘味道 Carrot, citrus |
合计 Total | 1010.85±47.89c | 1408.22±62.18a | 1156.15±56.30b | |||
高级醇类 Higher alcohols | ||||||
正己醇 1-Hexanol | 111-27-3 | 868 | 21.03±1.46b | 32.32±2.42a | 17.57±0.6c | 绿色、草本、油性、花香、草本、木质 Green, grass,oily, floral, herbaceous, woody |
(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇 3-Hexen-1-ol, (Z)- | 544-12-7 | 856 | 25.48±4.08c | 71.45±2.32a | 33.92±1.97b | 绿色、苦、脂肪、草 Green, bitter, fatty, grass |
(Z)-2-已烯-1-醇 2-Hexen-1-ol, (Z)- | 928-94-9 | 868 | 7.13±0.22b | 14.3±0.57a | 5.37±0.67c | 绿草、草本 Green grass, herb |
辛醇 1-Octanol | 111-87-5 | 1071 | 0.20±0.032 | 0.19±0.025 | 0.17±0.021 | 浓郁的柑橘、玫瑰 Intense citrus, roses |
1-己烯-3-醇1-Hexen-3-ol | 4798-44-1 | 769 | 30.20±0.3b | 19.15±0.24c | 52.6±3.47a | —— |
苯甲醇Benzyl alcohol | 100-51-6 | 1036 | 11.76±0.88c | 40.18±1.38a | 19.52±0.97b | 柑橘味、甜味、花香 Citrusy, sweet, floral |
合计 Total | 95.8±4.99c | 177.57±5.82a | 129.15±5.07b | |||
酮类 Ketones | ||||||
1-辛烯-3-酮1-Octen-3-one | 4312-99-6 | 979 | 0.55±0.045 | 0.44±0.09 | 0.66±0.085 | 蘑菇香 Mushroom |
6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 110-93-0 | 986 | 1.79±0.17a | 1.35±0.085b | 1.81±0.047a | 果香、霉香、酮香,并有苹果、香蕉、奶油的味道Fruity, musty, keto, with notes of apple, banana, cream |
大马士酮 2-Buten-1-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl- 1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-, (E)- | 23726-93-4 | 1386 | 5.12±0.18b | 6.88±0.37a | 3.41±0.4c | 蜂蜜, 甜, 花香, 苹果 Honey, sweet, floral, apple |
香叶基丙酮 5,9-Undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-, (E)- | 3796-70-1 | 1453 | 0.13±0.015b | 0.23±0.04a | 0.11±0.024b | 青香、果香、蜡香、木香,并有生梨、番石榴、苹果、香蕉、热带水果的香韵 Green, fruity, waxy, woody, with notes of raw pear, guava, apple, banana, tropical fruit |
合计 Total | 7.59±0.29b | 8.90±0.37a | 5.99±0.53c | |||
其他组分 Other compounds | ||||||
乙酸 Acetic acid | 64-19-7 | 610 | 62.46±4.65c | 208.03±2.61a | 99.11±4.29b | 酸、脂肪、酸、醋、辣 Acid, fatty,sour, vinegar,spicy |
2,4-二叔丁基苯酚 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 96-76-4 | 1519 | 13.55±2.11c | 17.56±3.09b | 23.12±2.66a | —— |
苯乙烯 Styrene | 100-42-5 | 1741 | 1.46±0.089 | 1.36±0.09 | 1.31±0.22 | 树脂、花香香气 Resin, floral |
合计 Total | 77.48±6.38c | 226.94±4.41a | 123.54±4.97b |
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