中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (14): 2762-2774.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.14.007

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

新疆小麦、玉米的产量和氮磷钾肥利用效率

汤明尧1,2(),沈重阳2,陈署晃3,唐光木3,李青军3,闫翠侠1,耿庆龙3,傅国海4()   

  1. 1.新疆维吾尔自治区土壤肥料工作站,乌鲁木齐830006
    2.中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院,北京100193
    3.新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所,乌鲁木齐830091
    4.全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100125
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-28 接受日期:2021-05-31 出版日期:2022-07-16 发布日期:2022-07-26
  • 通讯作者: 傅国海
  • 作者简介:汤明尧,E-mail: 78291308@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200406);农业农村部测土配方施肥(化肥减量增效)项目(2017—2020年)

Yield of Wheat and Maize and Utilization Efficiency of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Xinjiang

TANG MingYao1,2(),SHEN ChongYang2,CHEN ShuHuang3,TANG GuangMu3,LI QingJun3,YAN CuiXia1,GENG QingLong3,FU GuoHai4()   

  1. 1. Xinjiang Soil and Fertilizer Station, Urumqi 830006
    2. College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193
    3. Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Saving, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091
    4. National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing 100125
  • Received:2021-04-28 Accepted:2021-05-31 Online:2022-07-16 Published:2022-07-26
  • Contact: GuoHai FU

摘要:

【目的】明确新疆小麦、玉米化肥利用效率现状,进一步优化养分管理,提高化肥利用效率,为新疆乃至全国粮食安全提供基础数据和技术支撑。【方法】2018—2020年,在新疆主要粮食种植区开展72个田间试验(小麦40个、玉米32个),设置氮磷钾(NPK)、无氮(PK)、无磷(NK)、无钾(NP)4个处理,3次重复,分析新疆当前施肥条件下小麦、玉米的养分吸收,氮、磷、钾肥产量反应,农学效率,肥料利用率等特征。【结果】(1)新疆小麦氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾肥(K2O)平均施用量分别为233.1、128.0和75.5 kg·hm-2,玉米氮、磷、钾肥平均施用量分别为254.9、148.0和67.8 kg·hm-2。(2)小麦NPK处理平均产量为7 504 kg·hm-2,氮、磷、钾肥的平均产量反应分别为2 206 kg·hm-2(500—3 795 kg·hm-2)、2 016 kg·hm-2(288—4 230 kg·hm-2)和1 362 kg·hm-2(105—2 910 kg·hm-2),施氮、磷、钾肥的平均增产率分别为45.0%、39.7%和23.0%;玉米NPK处理平均产量为13 715 kg·hm-2,氮、磷、钾肥的平均产量反应分别为4 657 kg·hm-2(1 559—6 900 kg·hm-2)、1 942 kg·hm-2(473—4 699 kg·hm-2)和1 297 kg·hm-2(113—5 440 kg·hm-2),施氮、磷、钾肥的平均增产率分别为52.2%、21.2%和15.5%。玉米施氮肥的产量反应明显高于小麦。(3)NPK处理中,每形成100 kg小麦籽粒需氮(N)2.7 kg(1.7—4.0 kg)、磷(P2O5)0.8 kg(0.4-1.3 kg)、钾(K2O)2.1 kg(1.2—3.9 kg);每形成100 kg玉米籽粒需氮(N)2.1 kg(1.5-2.9 kg)、磷(P2O5)0.8 kg(0.4-1.2 kg)、钾(K2O)2.1 kg(0.7—3.4 kg)。(4)新疆小麦氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为9.6、15.9和18.7 kg·kg-1,磷、钾肥显著高于氮肥;玉米氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为18.7、13.4和18.1 kg·kg-1,氮、钾肥显著高于磷肥。玉米氮肥的农学效率高于小麦,磷、钾肥的农学效率两种作物差异不大。(5)新疆小麦氮、磷、钾肥的平均利用率分别为41.4%、21.8%和45.2%;玉米氮、磷、钾肥的平均利用率分别为46.9%、20.5%和49.6%。小麦、玉米的氮、钾肥利用率均显著高于磷肥。【结论】当前新疆小麦、玉米产量水平较高,氮、磷、钾肥利用效率已处于较高水平,氮、钾肥的利用率显著高于磷肥。小麦、玉米对缺氮最为敏感,其次对缺磷,缺钾的减产幅度最低。当前新疆小麦、玉米的氮肥施用量较合理,施钾量不足,小麦存在过量施磷。今后需加大小麦、玉米的钾肥投入,减少小麦的磷肥投入。

关键词: 新疆, 小麦, 玉米, 化肥, 产量, 肥料利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】The objectives of the present paper were to understand current status of fertilizer utilization efficiency of wheat and maize in Xinjiang, to optimize their nutrient management, and to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency, so as to provide basic data and technique support for the food security of Xinjiang and as well as all the country. 【Method】72 field trials (40 for wheat and 32 for maize) were carried out in main grain growing areas of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2020. Four different treatments of fertilizer application were designed, including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), no nitrogen (PK), no phosphorus (NK), and no potassium (NP). Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Then, the nutrient uptake of main grain crops, the response of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, the agronomic efficiency, the utilization rate and other parameters were examined under the current conditions of fertilization for agricultural production in Xinjiang. 【Result】(1) The average application amounts of N, P and K fertilizers for wheat in Xinjiang were 233.1 kg N·hm-2, 128.0 kg P2O5·hm-2 and 75.5 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively; the average application amounts of N, P and K fertilizers for maize were 254.9 kg N·hm-2, 148.0 kg P2O5·hm-2 and 67.8 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively. (2) The wheat yield of per unit area was 7 505 kg·hm-2 under NPK treatment, and the yield responses of N, P and K fertilizers were 2 206 kg·hm-2 (500-3 795 kg·hm-2), 2016 kg·hm-2 (288-4 230 kg·hm-2), and 1 362 kg·hm-2 (105-2 910 kg·hm-2), respectively. The average rates of yield increase for N, P and K fertilizers were 45.0%, 39.7% and 23.0%, respectively. The yield per unit area of maize under NPK treatment was 13 715 kg·hm-2, and the yield responses of N, P and K fertilizers were 4 657 kg·hm-2 (1 559-6 900 kg·hm-2), 1 942 kg·hm-2 (473-4 699 kg·hm-2), and 1 297 kg·hm-2 (113-5 440 kg·hm-2), respectively. The average rates of yield increase for N, P and K fertilizers were 52.2%, 21.2%, and 15.5%, respectively. (3) The uptakes of N and K by wheat and maize were relatively large, whereas the uptake of phosphorus was relatively small. The application of chemical fertilizers could significantly promote the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by plants, and increase the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. For NPK treatment, it required 2.7 kg (1.7-4.0 kg) of nitrogen (N), 0.8 kg (0.4-1.3 kg) of phosphorus (P2O5), and 2.1 kg (1.2-3.9 kg) of potassium (K2O) to form 100 kg of grains for wheat; for maize using the NPK treatment, it required 2.1 kg (1.5-2.9 kg) of nitrogen (N), 0.8 kg (0.4-1.2 kg) phosphorus (P2O5), and 2.1 kg (0.7-3.4 kg) of potassium (K2O) to form 100 kg of grains. (4) The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for maize was higher than that of wheat. There were no significant differences in the agronomic efficiencies of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The agronomic efficiencies of N, P and K fertilizers for wheat were 9.6, 15.9 and 18.7 kg·kg-1, respectively. Therefore, the agronomic efficiencies of P and K fertilizers were significantly higher than that of nitrogen fertilizer. The agronomic efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers for maize were 18.7, 13.4 and 18.1 kg·kg-1, respectively, N and K fertilizers were significantly higher than P fertilizer. (5) The utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers for wheat were 41.4%, 21.8% and 45.2%, respectively. The utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers for maize were 46.9%, 20.5% and 49.6%, respectively. The N and K utilization efficiency for wheat and maize were significantly higher than that of P. 【Conclusion】To date, the yield of wheat and maize in Xinjiang was high, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was at a high level, and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and potassium was significantly higher than that of phosphorus. In Xinjiang, wheat and maize yield was most sensitive to nitrogen deficiency. The phosphorus deficiency had lower influence on the wheat and maize yield, and the potassium deficiency had the lowest reduction. The amount of nitrogen application applied to wheat and maize in Xinjiang was reasonable. In contrast, the amount of potassium application was seriously insufficient. The excessive application of phosphate in wheat existed. In the future, it was necessary to increase the input of potassium fertilizer for wheat and maize and to reduce the input of phosphorus fertilizer for wheat.

Key words: Xinjiang, wheat, maize, chemical fertilizer, yield, fertilizer utilization efficiency