不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系,以期为早熟、高产、适应机械粒收的玉米新品种的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】2017年以早熟玉米品种登海518（DH518）、衡早8号（HZ8）和中晚熟玉米品种登海605（DH605）、郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,2018年以早熟玉米品种登海518（DH518）、京农科728（JNK728）和中晚熟玉米品种登海605（DH605）、郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,种植密度为75 000株/hm²,研究玉米生长发育过程中的叶片建成规律、穗部发育特性以及各生育阶段对光温需求的差异。【结果】不同熟期夏玉米品种各生育阶段的光温需求大小表现为吐丝期（R1）—生理成熟期（R6）>出苗期（VE）—吐丝期（R1）>播种期（sowing）—出苗期（VE）。不同品种花后对积温的需求高于花前,中晚熟和早熟夏玉米品种对积温需求的差异主要在拔节期—吐丝期,具体表现为第9—16片叶建成期;花后对积温的需求品种间差异不显著。相关性分析表明,不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量与穗位高、穗高系数呈极显著正相关关系。不同熟期夏玉米品种的雄穗发育特性不同,晚熟品种的雄穗长度显著低于早熟品种,但晚熟品种的雄穗分枝数、雄穗总小花数、小花败育率、有效小花数显著高于早熟品种;而雌穗分化到籽粒形成受品种基因型影响较大。【结论】不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性具有较大差异,在75 000株/hm²条件下,中晚熟品种的产量显著高于早熟品种;植株总叶片数较少,拔节期—吐丝期所需时间短,后期脱水速率快是早熟宜机收玉米品种的典型特征。

关键词: 夏玉米, 叶片建成, 光温需求, 穗分化, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study was expected to explore the relationship between growth and development characteristics and yield formation of summer maize varieties differing in maturities, providing theoretical references for the selection of new maize varieties with early maturity, high yield and adaptability to grain mechanical harvesting. 【Method】 In 2017, the early maturity hybrids Denghai 518 (DH518), Hengzao 8 (HZ8) and the mid-late maturity hybrids Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) were used as test materials. In 2018, the early maturity hybrids Denghai 518 (DH518), Jingnongke 728 (JNK728), and the mid-late maturity hybrids Denghai 605 (DH605) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) were used as test materials. The planting density was 75 000 plants/hm². The leaf establishment law, ear development characteristics, and the difference in solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements at different growth stages were analyzed. 【Result】 The solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements of different maize varieties at various growth stages were: R1-R6>VE-R1>sowing-VE. The demand for accumulated temperature of different varieties after flowering was higher than that before flowering. The difference in demand for accumulated temperature of mid-late maturity hybrids and early-maturing varieties was mainly in V6-R1, which was specifically manifested in the 9-16th leaf establishment period; There was no significant difference in the demand for accumulated temperature after flowering. Correlation analysis showed that the yield of summer maize varieties at different maturity stages had extremely significant positive correlations with spike height and spike height coefficient. The development characteristics of tassel in summer maize cultivars at different maturity stages were different. The length of tassel in late-maturing cultivars was significantly lower than in early-maturing cultivars, but the number of tassel branches, total tassel spikelet, spikelet abortion rate and effective spikelet of late-maturing varieties were significantly higher than those of early-maturing varieties; The differentiation of female ears to grains was greatly affected by the genotype of the variety. 【Conclusion】The growth and development characteristics of summer maize varieties differing in maturities were significantly different, and the yield of the mid-late maturity hybrids was significantly higher than that of the early maturity hybrids. The typical characteristics of early-grain mechanical harvesting corn varieties were fewer total leaves, shorter V6-R1 time and faster dehydration rate.

Key words: summer maize, leaf establishment, solar radiation and accumulated temperature requirements, male and female spike differentiation, yield

赵继玉,任佰朝,赵斌,刘鹏,张吉旺. 不同熟期夏玉米品种生长发育特性与产量形成的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1): 46-57.

ZHAO JiYu,REN BaiZhao,ZHAO Bin,LIU Peng,ZHANG JiWang. Relationship Between Growth and Development Characteristics and Yield Formation of Summer Maize Varieties Differing in Maturities[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 46-57.

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	种植密度 Plant density (plant/hm²)	播种时间 Sowing date (M-D)
2017	DH518 HZ8 DH605 ZD958	75000	06-10
2018	DH518 JNK728 DH605 ZD958	75000	06-07

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	穗位高 Ear height (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗高系数 Ear height coefficient
2017	HZ8	93c	265a	0.35c
	DH518	81d	255b	0.32d
	ZD958	118a	261a	0.45a
	DH605	107b	264a	0.41b
2018	JNK728	93b	268a	0.35 b
	DH518	76c	226c	0.33b
	ZD958	105a	255b	0.41a
	DH605	97b	249b	0.39a

	产量 Yield	穗位高 Ear height	株高 Plant height	穗高系数 Ear height coefficient
产量 Yield	1
穗位高 Ear height	0.822**	1
株高 Plant height	0.201	0.601**	1
穗高系数 Ear height coefficient	0.901**	0.948**	0.315	1

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	穗行 Number of rows per ear	行粒 Number of grains per row	穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃顶长 Bald length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)	轴粗 Cob diameter (cm)
2017	DH518	15.3b	32.5b	16.81b	0.26b	4.92b	2.33a
	HZ8	17.0a	27.8d	16.70b	1.55a	4.67c	2.10b
	ZD958	15.4b	34.9a	17.10b	0.11b	5.22a	2.47a
	DH605	15.6b	31.2c	19.86a	1.64a	4.90b	2.33a
2018	DH518	15.3b	32.1b	15.54b	0.30c	4.73a	2.29ab
	JNK728	15.3b	31.9b	16.85b	1.01b	4.68a	2.11b
	ZD958	15.5b	33.8a	16.24b	0.91b	4.75a	2.51a
	DH605	16.3a	32.1b	18.59a	1.36a	4.74a	2.35ab

年份 Year	品种 Hybrid	雄穗长度 Tassel length (cm)	雄穗分枝数 Tassel branch numbers	雄穗总小花数 Total tassel spikelet numbers	小花败育率 Spikelet abortion rate (%)	有效小花数 Effective spikelet numbers
2017	DH518	61.0a	6c	620c	3.44c	599c
	HZ8	62.5a	8bc	604c	3.11c	585c
	ZD958	54.8b	23a	1825a	12.69a	1594a
	DH605	57.7b	10b	791b	7.99b	728b
2018	DH518	59.7ab	6d	624c	3.6c	602c
	JNK728	61.6a	9c	611c	3.3c	591c
	ZD958	55.9c	22a	1804a	12.3a	1581a
	DH605	57.7bc	11b	792b	6.9b	737b