不同栽培模式对夏玉米冠层结构及光合性能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.22.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】比较研究夏玉米不同栽培模式群体冠层特性、穗位叶叶绿体结构及光合性能的差异,阐明栽培模式对上述指标的调控效应,为进一步构建高效冠层结构的夏玉米高产栽培模式提供理论依据。【方法】本试验于2018—2019年在山东泰安进行,以登海605为供试品种,以当地农户栽培管理模式（FP）为对照,通过综合优化种植密度、肥料运筹和种植方式等设置超高产栽培模式（SH）、高产高效栽培模式（HH）2种优化管理模式,比较3种栽培管理模式夏玉米冠层结构、穗位叶叶绿体结构及净光合速率的差异。【结果】与FP模式相比,SH、HH模式群体上层叶片茎叶夹角小、叶向值大,中、下层叶片发育较好,叶面积指数高及高值持续期长,中部叶层光能截获率显著提高21.64%和12.63%,形成了适宜的群体冠层结构。SH、HH模式的叶绿体结构发育良好,而FP发育相对较差。SH和HH模式下穗位叶叶绿体中类囊体发育良好且数目较多,基粒片层和基质片层排列整齐、清晰,细胞内膜结构完整;FP的叶绿体中类囊体发育相对较差,发育不完全的类囊体占比较大,基质片层模糊且排列不整齐。吐丝期穗位叶净光合速率表现为SH＞HH＞FP,干物质积累量及产量也表现出相同的趋势,SH和HH模式较FP模式分别增产14.20%和4.91%。【结论】相比于FP模式,SH、HH模式产量提高的原因是优化了夏玉米群体冠层结构,保证了叶绿体结构的完整性,显著提高了叶片光合能力。与SH模式相比,HH模式减少了肥料施用量,其群体结构合理且叶片发育良好,是更有助于利用光能的栽培模式。

关键词: 夏玉米, 栽培模式, 冠层结构, 光分布, 光合性能

Abstract:

【Objective】This experiment studied the differences in the canopy characteristics, ear position leaf chloroplast structure and photosynthetic performance of summer maize in different cultivation modes. To illuminate the regulation effect of cultivation patterns on canopy structure, leaves development and photosynthetic performance and provide theoretical basis for further construction of high-yield summer maize cultivation model with high efficiency canopy structure.【Method】The experiment was conducted in Taian, Shandong province in 2018 and 2019, with Denghai 605 as the experimental material. Through the comprehensive optimization of planting density, fertilizer management and planting methods, two optimized cultivation patterns were performed, including super-high-yield cultivation mode (SH) and high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation mode (HH), with the local farmer management mode (FP) as a control. The differences of summer maize canopy structure, ear position leaves chloroplast structure and net photosynthetic rate between the three cultivation management modes were compared. 【Result】Compared with FP, the upper leaves of SH and HH had smaller stem-leaf angle and larger leaf orientation value, their middle and lower leaves were well developed, and they had higher leaf area index (LAI) and higher LAI duration. SH and HH middle leaves light interception rate increased significantly compared with FP, with increasing by 21.64% and 12.63%, respectively. Also, SH and HH formed a suitable population canopy structure. The chloroplast structure of SH and HH was well developed, while that of FP was relatively stunted. Compared with FP, SH and HH had better development and more number of thylakoids. The thylakoid in chloroplast of FP developed relatively poorly, which had higher percent of undeveloped thylakoid as well as fuzzy and unevenly arranged stromal sheets. The net photosynthetic rate of ear leaves at the silking stage had a trend of SH>HH>FP. Dry matter accumulation and grain yield had similar trend. Compared with FP, SH and HH increased grain yield by 14.20% and 4.91%, respectively.【Conclusion】Compared with FP, SH and HH could increase grain yield, which was mainly due to the optimized population canopy structure, promoted leaves development, ensured integrity of the chloroplast structure, and significantly improved the leaves photosynthetic capacity. Compared with SH, HH applied less amount of fertilizer, formed a suitable population canopy structure, developed well leaves. Thus, HH was a cultivation mode that contributed to the use of light energy.

Key words: summer maize, cultivation mode, canopy structure, light distribution, photosynthetic performance

李静,王洪章,许佳诣,刘鹏,张吉旺,赵斌,任佰朝. 不同栽培模式对夏玉米冠层结构及光合性能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(22): 4550-4560.

LI Jing,WANG HongZhang,XU JiaYi,LIU Peng,ZHANG JiWang,ZHAO Bin,REN BaiZhao. Effects of Different Cultivation Modes on Canopy Structure and Photosynthetic Performance of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(22): 4550-4560.

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处理 Treatment	种植密度 Planting density (plant/hm²)	行距 Row spacing	肥料类型 Fertilizer	肥料用量 Dosage (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Proportion
处理 Treatment	种植密度 Planting density (plant/hm²)	行距 Row spacing	肥料类型 Fertilizer	肥料用量 Dosage (kg·hm^-2)	播种 Seeding	大喇叭口 V12	开花 VT	乳熟 R3
SH	82500	80+40 cm	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	7500	100%
		80+40 cm	N	540	30%PU+10%U	30%U	20%U	10%U
			P₂O₅	180	100%
			K₂O	360	75%		25%
HH	82500	60+60 cm	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	7500	100%
		60+60 cm	N	225	30%PU+10%U	30%U	20%U	10%U
			P₂O₅	150	100%
			K₂O	300	75%		25%
FP	67500	60+60 cm	种肥同播三元复合肥（N-P₂O₅-K₂O=14-16-15）750 kg·hm^-2 Ternary compound fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O=14-16-15) 750 kg·hm^-2

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎叶夹角 Stem-leaf angle (°)			叶向值 Leaf orientation value
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	上层 Upper leave	中层 Middle leave	下层 Lower leave	上层 Upper leave	中层 Middle leave	下层 Lower leave
2018	SH	17.17ab	24.01a	25.35b	69.72a	62.51a	54.08ab
	HH	16.58b	19.75b	23.17b	69.59a	61.64ab	59.22a
	FP	18.02a	24.81a	28.24a	67.67b	59.02b	48.20b
2019	SH	11.88ab	27.5ab	33.7c	75.41a	54.57a	46.57a
	HH	11.13b	23.33b	32.0c	73.77ab	54.17a	44.86ab
	FP	12.58a	29.08a	41.87a	70.57b	51.51ab	33.83c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation (kg·hm^-2)			干物质分配比例 Dry matter distribution ratio (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	V6	R1	R6	吐丝前 Pre-silking	吐丝后 Post-silking
2018	SH	1842a	9876a	26885a	36.73b	63.27a
	HH	1793a	9541b	24214b	39.41ab	60.59ab
	FP	1367b	9226b	22486c	41.06a	58.94b
2019	SH	1358a	10111a	29303a	34.50b	65.50a
	HH	1210b	10019a	24715b	40.53a	59.47b
	FP	1193b	9886a	23069c	42.85a	57.15b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单位面积穗数 Ear number (ear·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2018	SH	78495a	513.5ab	372.5b	12.7a
	HH	74610a	502.2b	369.8b	11.8b
	FP	64478b	547.3a	385.1a	11.6b
2019	SH	82560a	474.4b	377.8c	13.2a
	HH	79892b	454.2c	384.5b	12.0b
	FP	67336c	497.7a	389.9a	11.1c