中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (4): 708-719.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.04.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

黄淮海区主推夏播玉米品种籽粒脱水特性研究

徐田军(),吕天放(),赵久然(),王荣焕(),邢锦丰,张勇,蔡万涛,刘月娥,刘秀芝,陈传永,王元东,刘春阁   

  1. 北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心/玉米DNA指纹及分子育种北京市重点实验室,北京 100097
  • 收稿日期:2020-04-27 接受日期:2020-07-29 出版日期:2021-02-16 发布日期:2021-02-16
  • 通讯作者: 赵久然,王荣焕
  • 作者简介:徐田军,E-mail: xtjxtjbb@163.com。|吕天放,E-mail: 314565358@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0101202);现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-02-11);北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20180423);北京市农林科学院院级科技创新团队建设项目(JNKYT201603)

The Grain Dehydration Characteristics of the Main Summer Maize Varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai Region

XU TianJun(),LÜ TianFang(),ZHAO JiuRan(),WANG RongHuan(),XING JinFeng,ZHANG Yong,CAI WanTao,LIU YueE,LIU XiuZhi,CHEN ChuanYong,WANG YuanDong,LIU ChunGe   

  1. Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100097
  • Received:2020-04-27 Accepted:2020-07-29 Online:2021-02-16 Published:2021-02-16
  • Contact: JiuRan ZHAO,RongHuan WANG

摘要:

【目的】籽粒机收是现代玉米生产发展的趋势和方向。生理成熟期籽粒含水率及生理成熟后籽粒物理脱水速率是决定玉米能否机收籽粒的关键因素,明确不同玉米品种籽粒脱水特性差异及其影响因素,可为机收籽粒玉米品种选育和推广提供理论依据。【方法】2017—2018年,以京农科728等18个黄淮海区主推夏播玉米品种为研究材料,测定籽粒含水率的动态变化,分析不同玉米品种籽粒脱水特性的差异及其影响因素。【结果】生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率在品种间存在显著差异,平均为30.67%(CV=2.58%)和23.66%(CV=9.10%)。生理成熟前籽粒生理降水速率和生理成熟后籽粒物理脱水速率在品种间存在显著差异,平均为0.69 %·d-1和0.48 %·d-1。3种熟期类型品种,中早熟品种生理成熟后籽粒物理脱水速率平均为0.55 %·d-1,分别较中熟品种和中晚熟品种高14.58%和44.74%。参试品种产量平均为10 205.90 kg·hm-2,变幅为8 809.13—11 053.73 kg·hm-2;3种熟期类型品种中,中熟品种产量(10 484.25 kg·hm-2)>中晚熟品种(10 096.08 kg·hm-2)>中早熟品种(9 522.81 kg·hm-2),中早熟品种和中熟品种以京农科728和NK815产量最高,分别为10 569.00和11 053.50 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,籽粒脱水速率与叶片、苞叶、穗轴、穗柄、全株和茎秆脱水速率及风速呈极显著正相关;与大气温度呈显著正相关;与大气湿度呈显著负相关。以籽粒脱水速率和产量建立散点图,采用双向平均法将参试品种划分为4种类型,其中,以早熟脱水快的玉米骨干自交系京2416及其改良系京2418为父本组配的耐密抗倒国审品种京农科728、MC812、MC121和京农科729属于籽粒脱水快、产量高的品种(生育期平均为108.88 d;生理成熟后籽粒物理脱水速率平均为0.57 %·d-1,收获时籽粒含水率为21.81%;产量平均为10 811.33 kg·hm-2)。【结论】综合分析参试玉米品种的熟期、籽粒脱水特性及产量表现,在黄淮海夏播玉米区选择种植京农科728、MC812、MC121和京农科729等中早熟及中熟、脱水快、产量高的玉米品种,可实现收获期较低籽粒含水率和较高产量水平。

关键词: 黄淮海区, 夏玉米, 京农科728, 籽粒, 脱水特性

Abstract:

【Objective】Grain mechanical harvesting is the developing direction of modern maize production in China. The moisture content at physiological maturity (PM) and grain dehydration rate after PM are the key factors for realizing maize grain mechanical harvesting. The aim of this study was to clarify the differences and influencing factors for the dehydration characteristics of different maize varieties, so as to provide a theoretical instruction for the breeding and extending of grain mechanical harvesting varieties.【Method】Taking18 main maize varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai region as research materials, the field experiment was conducted in 2017-2018, and the dynamics of maize grain moisture content were tested to study and clarify the differences and influencing factors for the dehydration characteristics.【Result】The moisture content of different maize varieties at PM and harvesting differed significantly, with an average of 30.67% (CV=2.58%) and 23.66% (CV=9.10%). There were significant differences between grain dehydration rate before and after PM of the tested varieties, with an average of 0.69%·d-1 and 0.48%·d-1, respectively. The average physical dehydration rate after PM of middle early maturing varieties was 0.55%·d-1, which was 14.58% and 44.74% higher than that of middle maturing and middle late maturing varieties, respectively. The average yield of the tested varieties was 10 205.90 kg·hm-2, with the range of 8 809.13-11 053.73 kg·hm-2. The yield of middle maturity variety (10 484.25 kg·hm-2) > middle late maturing variety (10 096.08 kg·hm-2) > middle early maturing variety (9 522.81 kg·hm-2), and Jingnongke728 and NK815 had the highest yield of 10 569.00 and 11 053.50 kg·hm-2, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the dehydration rate of grain was significantly positively correlated with the dehydration rate of leaves, bracts, rachis, stalk, whole plant and stem and wind speed. There was significantly positively correlated with atmospheric temperature and negatively correlated with atmospheric humidity. The varieties were divided into 4 types according to the grain dehydrate rate and yield by two-way average method. JNK728, JNK729, MC812 and MC121 were selected by using maize core inbred Jing2416 and its improved inbred Jing2418, which were characterized by early maturity and fast dehydrating rate as the male parent belongs to the fast dehydration rate and high yield type (The average growth period was 108.9 d; The average grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity was 0.57 %·d-1; The moisture content of grain at harvest was 21.81%; The average yield was 10 811.33 kg·hm-2).【Conclusion】According to the growth period, grain dehydration rat and yield level, the maize varieties of JNK728, MC812, JNK729 and MC121 were characterized by medium-early and medium maturity, fast dehydration rate and high yield, and could realize lower grain moisture content and higher yield level in Huang-Huai-Hai region.

Key words: Huang-Huai-Hai region, summer maize, Jingnongke728, grain, dehydration characteristics