高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米产量及光合特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.18.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】气候变化导致全球变暖,高温、干旱等极端天气频发,且生产中高温干旱时常相伴发生。本研究旨在探讨不同生育时期高温干旱复合胁迫影响夏玉米产量和光合特性的生理机制。【方法】选用DH605为试验材料,设置不同生育时期高温（T）、干旱（D）以及高温干旱复合（T-D）处理。2019年于三叶期（V3）、拔节期（V6）和抽雄期（VT）进行,2020年于三叶期（V3）、大喇叭口期（V12）和抽雄期（VT）进行,以自然温度和正常水分处理为对照（CK）。研究不同生育时期高温干旱复合处理对夏玉米产量、光合特性以及干物质的积累与分配的影响。【结果】不同生育时期高温干旱复合胁迫处理后,夏玉米LAI和SPAD值均显著降低,光合性能下降,净光合速率（P_n）显著降低。其中VT时期复合胁迫对P_n影响最显著,VT时期的T-D处理的P_n较CK平均下降39.0%,且高温干旱复合处理后夏玉米净光合速率的下降幅度大于高温、干旱等单一胁迫。高温干旱复合处理引发夏玉米光合性能降低,导致夏玉米干物质积累能力及向籽粒分配比例的下降,进而导致产量显著降低。2019年V3、V6、VT时期的T-D处理的产量较CK分别降低27.4%、18.3%和66.5%;2020年V3、V12、VT时期的T-D处理的产量较CK分别降低14.5%、14.6%和68.7%。【结论】不同生育时期的高温干旱复合胁迫导致夏玉米叶面积指数和叶绿素含量降低,气体交换受抑制,光合性能下降,导致光合同化物的积累与分配受阻,产量显著降低。其中,抽雄期遭受高温干旱复合胁迫后对夏玉米产量和光合特性的影响最大,且复合胁迫对其影响大于单一胁迫。

关键词: 夏玉米, 高温, 干旱, 高温干旱复合胁迫, 产量, 光合特性, 干物质分配

Abstract:

【Objective】Climate change has led to global warming, with frequent occurrences of high temperatures and droughts, and high temperatures often accompany droughts during production. This study aimed to explore the physiological mechanism of the compound stress of high temperature and drought in different growth periods affecting the yield and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize.【Method】DH605 was selected as the experimental hybrid. High temperature treatment (T), drought treatment (D) and the compound stress (T-D) treatment were set in different growth periods. In 2019, it was carried out at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6) and flowering stage (VT); In 2020, it was carried out at the third leaf stage (V3), the twelfth leaf stage (V12) and flowering stage (VT). This experiment took natural temperature and normal moisture treatment as control (CK). The effects of high temperature and drought compound treatments on yield, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution of summer maize were studied, and the differences of photosynthetic characteristics and yield between single treatment and compound treatment were compared.【Result】 After the combined stress treatment of high temperature and drought in different growth stages, the LAI and SPAD of summer maize decreased significantly, which affected the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and it decreased significantly. Among that, the compound stress during the VT period had the most significant effect on P_n. The P_n under T-D treatment in the VT period decreased by 39.0% on average compared with CK, while the net photosynthetic rate of summer maize after the combined treatment of high temperature and drought decreased more than that under single stress such as high temperature and drought. The combined treatment of high temperature and drought caused the photosynthetic performance of summer maize to decrease, and it led to the decrease of dry matter accumulation capacity and distribution ratio of summer maize to grains, which in turn led to a significant decrease in yield. In 2019, the output of T-D at V3, V6, and VT decreased by 27.4%, 18.3%, and 66.5%, respectively, compared with CK; in 2020, the output of T-D treatment at V3, V12, and VT decreased by 14.5%, 14.6% and 68.7%, respectively, compared with CK.【Conclusion】After the combined stress of high temperature and drought, the leaf area index and chlorophyll content was decreased, gas exchange was inhibited, leading to the decrease of photosynthetic performance, and thus hindered the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic compounds, resulting in a significant yield reduction of summer maize. The combined stress of high temperature and drought during the flowering stage had the greatest impact on the yield and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize, and the combined stresses had greater impacts than that of single stress.

Key words: summer maize, high temperature, drought, combined stress of high temperature and drought, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter distribution

李小凡,邵靖宜,于维祯,刘鹏,赵斌,张吉旺,任佰朝. 高温干旱复合胁迫对夏玉米产量及光合特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(18): 3516-3529.

XiaoFan LI,JingYi SHAO,WeiZhen YU,Peng LIU,Bin ZHAO,JiWang ZHANG,BaiZhao REN. Combined Effects of High Temperature and Drought on Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(18): 3516-3529.

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年份 Year	生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (g/plant)
2019	V3	T	600.3d	364.5bc	254.4d
		D	556.0e	366.7b	237.1e
		T-D	554.7e	343.9d	221.8f
	V6	T	648.0b	368.7b	277.8b
		D	633.0c	362.6bc	266.9c
		T-D	556.3e	385.4a	249.4d
	VT	T	266.0g	351.2cd	108.6g
		D	507.3f	365.9bc	215.8f
		T-D	261.0g	337d	102.3g
	CK		725.3a	362.0bc	305.4a
2020	V3	T	681.3cd	347.5b	275.3b
		D	700.0b	339.4c	276.3b
		T-D	653.7f	332.3d	252.7d
	V12	T	684.3c	333.7d	265.5c
		D	674.0d	334.5d	262.2c
		T-D	663.0e	327.1e	252.2d
	VT	T	269.7g	322.5f	101.1e
		D	654.3f	331.5d	252.3d
		T-D	256.0h	311.0g	92.5e
	CK		709.0a	358.1a	295.4a
变异来源 Source of variation	年份Year (Y)		**	**	**
	生育时期Growth stage (G)		**	**	**
	处理Treatment (T)		**	**	**
	Y×G		**	**	**
	Y×T		**	**	**
	T×G		**	**	**
	Y×G×T		**	**	**

年份 Year	生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	净光合速率 P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)
2019	V3	T	35.8ab	7.0bc	450.0a	278.7a
		D	32.5b	6.9bc	339.0b	227.7c
		T-D	26.9c	6.7bcd	315.0c	191.3d
	V6	T	32.6b	7.7ab	330.3b	180.3e
		D	31.9b	5.8de	163.0h	263.0b
		T-D	27.6c	5.4e	221.0g	158.0f
	VT	T	25.1cd	6.0cde	236.5e	112.5g
		D	25.9cd	5.4e	235.3ef	187.5d
		T-D	22.4d	5.0e	225.0fg	91.0h
	CK		37.6a	8.4a	284.3d	161.9f
	变异来源 Source of variation	生育时期Growth stage (G)	*	**	**	**
		处理Treatment (T)	*	*	**	**
		G×T	ns	ns	**	*
2020	V3	T	40.5a	7.3ab	479.7ab	154.0bc
		D	39.0ab	7.2ab	482.3ab	138.7cde
		T-D	38.0abc	6.8b	411.3abc	150.3bcd
	V12	T	39.1ab	7.1ab	455.7ab	160.7ab
		D	38.4abc	7.0ab	456.7ab	153.7bc
		T-D	34.8bc	5.7cd	374.7bc	143.0bcde
	VT	T	33.3c	5.6cd	296.7cd	126.7ef
		D	39.2ab	6.1c	321.3cd	132.0def
		T-D	26.8d	5.0d	218.0d	115.7f
	CK		42.9a	7.7a	538.0a	177.4a
	变异来源 Source of variation	生育时期Growth stage (G)	**	**	**	**
		处理Treatment (T)	**	**	*	*
		G×T	*	*	ns	*

年份 Year	生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	茎Stem		叶Leaf		粒Kernel		轴Cob
年份 Year	生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)	干重 Dry matter (g/plant)	比例 Proportion (%)
2019	V3	T	169.0cd	41.70	42.5bc	10.50	154.9e	38.30	38.4abc	9.50
		D	174.4bc	41.70	44.2abc	10.60	157.3de	37.60	41.9ab	10.00
		T-D	165.9d	44.80	38.8c	10.50	133.0f	35.90	32.3d	8.70
	V6	T	178.5ab	39.90	47.5ab	10.60	180.8b	40.40	40.3ab	9.00
		D	181.6a	41.70	48.6a	11.20	168.1c	38.60	37.5bc	8.60
		T-D	166.3d	41.20	40.2c	10.00	162.4cd	40.20	34.9cd	8.60
	VT	T	159.5e	43.50	39.0c	10.60	129.6f	35.40	38.5abc	10.50
		D	152.0f	38.80	46.6ab	11.90	153.0e	39.00	40.6ab	10.40
		T-D	132.6g	41.80	39.9c	12.60	110.0g	34.60	35.1cd	11.10
	CK		180.1ab	37.40	49.5a	10.30	208.9a	43.30	43.4a	9.00
2020	V3	T	162.4d	37.70	48.8ef	11.30	182.4b	42.30	37.2cde	8.60
		D	151.7e	35.70	51.6ef	12.10	186.8b	43.90	34.9de	8.20
		T-D	151.1e	37.00	47.6f	11.70	175.8c	43.10	33.7e	8.30
	V12	T	174.8bc	37.60	63.2b	13.60	186.5b	40.10	41.0ab	8.80
		D	148.1e	35.20	58.1d	13.80	180.7bc	42.90	34.2e	8.10
		T-D	160.6d	39.70	52.7e	13.00	153.3e	37.90	38.2bcd	9.40
	VT	T	185.3a	52.50	59.5bcd	16.90	69.2f	19.60	39.1bc	11.10
		D	171.5c	39.10	62.4bc	14.20	169.4d	38.60	35.8cde	8.20
		T-D	176.9b	53.10	58.8cd	17.70	63.0g	18.90	34.3e	10.30
	CK		178.8b	37.00	68.1a	14.10	193.0a	39.90	42.8a	8.90