滴灌下限对日光温室葡萄生长、产量及根系分布的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.07.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】 探究自动控制灌溉条件下灌水水平对葡萄生长发育与水分消耗的影响,为温室自动灌溉条件下葡萄水分管理提供决策依据。 【方法】 以3年生‘玫瑰香’为研究对象,利用CR1000数据采集器、土壤水分传感器和电磁阀联合自动控制灌水,设置8个不同的灌水下限（分别为田间持水率的50%、55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%和85%）,灌水上限均为田间持水率的90%,研究不同灌水下限对温室葡萄地上部和地下部生物量、产量、水分利用等的影响。 【结果】 当灌水下限低于田间持水率的75%时,随着灌水下限的提高,新梢长度、新梢茎粗以及叶面积指数均显著增加,当灌水下限超过田间持水率的75%时,新梢的生长受到不同程度地抑制;葡萄根系在0-60 cm土层中均有分布,但主要分布在0-30 cm土层中,该层的根体积以及根系表面积分别占总根系的75%-89%、77%-83%。在葡萄根系分布最为集中的0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层中,各根系指标均随着灌水下限的提高呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中当灌水下限为田间持水率的75%时,各根系指标均最大。当灌水量低于6 000 m ³·hm ^-2时,各根系指标均随着灌水量的增加而增大,当灌水量达到7 000 m ³·hm ^-2时,各根系指标均出现下降或增长缓慢的趋势;当灌水下限是田间持水率的75%时,葡萄的产量和水分利用效率均为最高,分别达到32 270.31 kg·hm ^-2、4.85 kg·m ^-3。 【结论】 综合考虑葡萄新梢生长、根系分布、产量和水分利用等因素,滴灌条件下葡萄水分管理的最佳土壤水分区间为田间持水率的75%-90%,可以作为该种植模式下适宜的灌溉控制指标的推荐值。

关键词: 葡萄, 滴灌, 灌水下限, 生长, 产量, 根系形态

Abstract: 【Objective】 The experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation level on grapes growth and water consumption under a controlled automatic irrigation, so as to provide a basis for grapes water management under an automatic irrigation in a greenhouse.【Method】 With the 3-year-old ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grape as the study object, a combined utilization of data acquisition terminal of CR1000, soil moisture sensor and radiotube, the experiment was carried out and set 8 different irrigation limits (accounting for 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80% and 85% of field capacity, respectively), the same upper limit of irrigation being 90% of field capacity, so as to analyze the effects of different irrigation lower limits on biomass, yield and water consumption of ground and underground grapes in a greenhouse.【Result】 The results showed that the length and stem diameter of new shoots, as well as the leaf area index increased significantly with the increase of irrigation lower limits when it was lower than 75% of field capacity. The growth of new shoots was restricted to a certain degree when the lower irrigation limit exceeded 75% of field capacity. The grapes roots were distributed in soil layers of 0-60 cm, and the main distribution area was in 0-30 cm, where the volume and surface area of roots accounted for 75%-89% and 77%-83% of the total, respectively. In the most concentrated root distribution region in soil layer of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, there was a tendency to decrease after an increase in root index with the increase of lower irrigation limits; the root index reached the maximum with lower irrigation limit being 75% of field capacity. The root index increased with the increase of irrigation volume when the volume was lower than 6 000 m ³·hm ^-2, and decreased or increased slowly when the irrigation volume exceeded 7 000 m ³·hm ^-2. Grapes yield and water utilization efficiency reached the maximum with the lower irrigation limit being 75% of field capacity, which were 32 270.31 kg·hm ^-2 and 4.85 kg·m ^-3, respectively.【Conclusion】 Taking the factors such as new shoots growth, root distribution, grapes yield and water utilization into consideration, we could conclude that the optimal range of soil moisture was got when the lower irrigation limit took up 75% to 90% of water capacity under drip irrigation, which could be used as the recommended value of suitable irrigation control index under the planting mode.

Key words: grape, drip irrigation, irrigation lower limit, growth, yield, root morphology

李波,孙君,魏新光,郑思宇,葛东,付诗宁. 滴灌下限对日光温室葡萄生长、产量及根系分布的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(7): 1432-1443.

Bo LI,Jun SUN,XinGuang WEI,SiYu ZHENG,Dong GE,ShiNing FU. Effects of Lower Limit of Drip Irrigation on Growth, Yield and Root Distribution of Greenhouse Grapes[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(7): 1432-1443.

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土层 Layer (cm)	pH	有机质 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total Kalium (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorous (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available Kalium (mg·kg^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	田间持水率 Field capacity (cm·cm^-3)
0-10	7.89	20.94	1.15	1.89	11.42	18.34	132.85	1.39	0.20
10-20	8.01	18.82	0.97	1.78	10.08	16.23	115.75	1.42	0.21
20-30	8.04	17.75	0.78	1.65	9.65	14.23	100.36	1.43	0.22
30-40	8.06	15.63	0.62	1.43	8.73	11.25	95.78	1.45	0.24
40-50	8.08	14.52	0.57	1.09	7.46	8.52	79.36	1.47	0.23
50-60	8.11	13.41	0.53	0.92	6.05	6.32	62.01	1.48	0.24

处理 Treatment	新梢长度Shoot growth length			新梢粗度 Shoot growth thickness			叶面积指数 Leaf area index
处理 Treatment	生长初期 Initial stage (cm)	生长中期 Middle stage (cm)	生长后期 Later stage (cm)	生长初期 Initial stage (mm)	生长中期 Middle stage (mm)	生长后期 Later stage (mm)	生长初期 Initial stage	生长中期 Middle stage	生长后期 Later stage
T1	22.33±1.45a	71.67±1.67b	164.00±0.58b	5.85±0.39a	8.77±0.45ab	9.23±0.79d	0.36±0.004a	1.21±0.03b	3.37±0.02b
T2	22.88±1.05a	74.00±2.31b	167.33±1.45ab	5.77±0.26a	8.40±0.58ab	9.65±0.05bcd	0.37±0.02a	1.26±0.04b	3.46±0.04ab
T3	22.67±1.20a	85.00±7.64ab	170.5±4.41ab	6.25±0.18a	8.28±0.31b	10.66±0.44abc	0.37±0.004a	1.48±0.15b	3.56±0.12ab
T4	26.33±0.33a	84.75±3.82ab	173.62±2.42ab	5.77±0.27a	8.90±0.23ab	11.24±0.19a	0.41±0.05a	1.54±0.04ab	3.64±0.07ab
T5	27.42±2.56a	89.00±1.53ab	175.67±5.58ab	6.05±0.34a	8.55±0.39ab	11.72±0.56a	0.42±0.009a	1.55±0.03ab	3.71±0.16ab
T6	26.67±0.89a	104.00±10.21a	178.67±1.56a	6.30±0.31a	9.42±0.63ab	11.60±0.23a	0.42±0.007a	1.88±0.22a	3.79±0.05a
T7	24.83±0.44a	77.33±8.45b	177.00±1.22a	6.55±0.35a	9.62±0.37ab	10.92±0.18ab	0.38±0.02a	1.33±0.17b	3.74±0.04a
T8	24.33±2.03a	73.33±1.67b	175.50±2.40ab	6.05±0.15a	9.75±0.42a	10.94±0.46ab	0.37±0.004a	1.24±0.03b	3.70±0.07ab

处理 Treatment	果实纵径 Longitudinal diameter (mm)	果实横径 Transverse diameter (mm)	果形指数 Fruit shape index	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	耗水量 Water consumption (m³·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·m^-3)
T1	24.34±0.71ab	20.93±1.08a	1.17±0.06ab	12599.47±222.62d	4858.2±170.21e	2.59±0.05cd
T2	24.19±0.35ab	19.49±0.61ab	1.24±0.02ab	12612.00±852.83d	5212.82±182.63e	2.42±0.16d
T3	25.09±1.07a	20.92±0.75a	1.2±0.03ab	18496.58±713.74c	5758.7±201.75d	3.21±0.12b
T4	24.00±0.49ab	19.29±0.31ab	1.25±0.04ab	26848.90±935.29b	5944.12±208.25d	4.52±0.16a
T5	23.49±0.70ab	19.12±0.17ab	1.23±0.05ab	30911.16±577.40a	6396.89±224.11c	4.83±09a
T6	23.47±0.73ab	20.08±13.2ab	1.18±0.10ab	32270.31±894.97a	6658.8±233.29bc	4.85±0.13a
T7	22.79±0.19b	17.88±0.27b	1.28±0.05a	19745.63±836.50c	6914.46±242.25ab	2.86±0.12bc
T8	22.44±0.47b	19.69±0.72ab	1.14±0.02b	18861.05±468.28c	7288.1±255.34a	2.59±0.06cd

指标 Index	较优处理排序Better processing rank
生长指标Growth index	T6、T7、T5、T8、T4、T3
根系指标Root index	T6
产量Yield	T6、T5
水分利用效率Water use efficiency	T6、T5、T4